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Doch ersetzten sie deren duftige Atmosphäre und spontane Malerei durch seriell aufgetragene Pinseltupfen in den Farben des Prismas. Die Farbtöne wurden nicht mehr auf der Palette gemischt. Sie sollten sich optisch im Auge der Betrachtenden verbinden. Diese Malweise erhielt den Namen Neoimpressionismus. Zahlreiche Künstlerinnen und Künstler griffen die neue Technik auf und verbreiteten sie in Europa. Innerhalb der Bewegung nahm Signac eine führende Rolle ein, als Theoretiker und Sammler ebenso wie als Netzwerker, Lehrer und Ausstellungsorganisator. Er und die anderen Malerinnen und Maler des Neoimpressionismus verbanden ihre auf Harmonie und Ausgleich ausgerichtete Kunst mit der Utopie von einem gesellschaftlichen Aufbruch in ein freiheitliches Leben.","en":"To achieve the highest degree of luminosity and harmony—this was Paul Signac’s goal when he and Georges Seurat introduced a new painting technique to the art world in the mid-1880s. While their landscape motifs resembled those of their Impressionist role models, they replaced the latter’s hazy atmosphere and spontaneous brushwork with serially applied dots in prismatic hues. The colors would no longer be mixed on the palette but would optically combine in the eye of the beholder. This new painterly technique, which came to be known as Neo-Impressionism, was adopted by numerous artists and spread throughout Europe. Signac played a leading role in the movement not only as a theorist and collector but also as a networker, teacher, and exhibition organizer. For him and other Neo-Impressionist painters, an art characterized by harmony and balance was associated with the utopia of social transformation and a liberated 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der Impression zur Wissenschaft","en":"From Impression to Science"},"subtitle":{"de":"Der Beginn des Neoimpressionismus","en":"The Beginnings of Neo-Impressionism"},"description":{"de":"Zu Beginn seiner Laufbahn orientierte sich Paul Signac am Impressionismus. 1884 lernte er den wenig älteren Maler Georges Seurat kennen, der eine grundlegend neue Malweise begonnen hatte. Er hatte sich aktuelle Erkenntnisse der Optik und Farbtheorie zu eigen gemacht und experimentierte mit der Zerlegung von Farben. Signac griff die neue Technik auf und inspirierte Seurat zum Arbeiten mit reinen, unvermischten Farben. Bei der letzten Impressionisten-Ausstellung 1886 in Paris präsentierten Seurat, Signac und Camille Pissarro erstmals Gemälde in der neuen Punkttechnik. Ein Kunstkritiker prägte dafür den Begriff Neoimpressionismus. Signac und Seurat gründeten mit weiteren Malern die Vereinigung unabhängiger Künstler (Société des Artistes Indépendants) und organisierten in Eigenregie Ausstellungen.","en":"In the early stages of his career, Paul Signac’s work was informed by Impressionism. In 1884 he met Georges Seurat, the slightly older artist who had pioneered a fundamentally new approach to painting. On the basis of current discoveries in optics and color theory, Seurat experimented with the division of color. Signac adopted the new technique and inspired Seurat to work in pure, unmixed hues. Seurat, Signac, and Camille Pissarro first showed paintings created with the new dot technique at the final Impressionist exhibition in Paris in 1886, prompting an art critic to coin the term Neo-Impressionism. 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The genre of portraiture posed a challenge for Neo-Impressionism, since the naturalistic accuracy required of a portrait stood in tension with the decorative pictorial effect to which many artists aspired. In his portraits, Paul Signac stylized the subject’s clothing and environment to produce a harmonious and decorative impression, while other French painters emulated the strictness of Georges Seurat’s figures. A number of early twentieth-century portraits were painted using broader, shorter strokes. As a result, the hues no longer mixed in the eye, even when the work was viewed from a distance. 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Die Gruppe Les Vingt (Die Zwanzig) hatte bereits mit impressionistischen Künstlern aus unterschiedlichen Ländern ausgestellt, als sich auch Paul Signac an ihrem jährlichen Salon beteiligte. Unter dem Einfluss von Georges Seurat und Signac wandten sich Künstler von Les Vingt dem Neoimpressionismus zu. Die Gruppe veranstaltete auch Neoimpressionisten-Schauen in Amsterdam und Den Haag, wo die Licht- und Farbintensität ihrer Gemälde neue Maßstäbe setzte. Signac vermittelte den Künstlern von Les Vingt Ausstellungsmöglichkeiten in dem von ihm mitbegründeten unabhängigen Salon. Zum intensiven Austausch gehörten gegenseitige Besuche und gemeinsame Reisen, die neoimpressionistische Landschaftsbilder inspirierten.","en":"In the 1880s, Brussels was a center of avant-garde art. The group Les Vingt (The Twenty) had already exhibited with Impressionist artists from various countries when Paul Signac, too, participated in their annual salon. Under the influence of Georges Seurat and Signac, artists from Les Vingt began exploring Neo-Impressionism. The group also organized Neo-Impressionist exhibitions in Amsterdam and The Hague, where the intense light and color of their paintings set new standards. Signac acted as an intermediary, inviting the artists of Les Vingt to exhibit in the independent salon he had helped found. Their intensive exchange included reciprocal visits and shared trips that inspired Neo-Impressionist landscape paintings."},"3dModel":"6a5291eea7a812ed70ed82f6","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6a5291eea7a812ed70ed82f6","id":"6a5389fa40d957001bcd457c"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"4dc8540300cd44348e0d6df8e2f50926","rotation":{"x":-3.7017343093843005,"y":-91.41527116522907}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.1,"y":1.5,"z":1.58},"position":{"x":26.67773760869106,"y":1.7428065870275884,"z":3.6954377135680985,"exhibitionDependent":[]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"292dc83bd9854f93a7abc3eef7c3f022","rotation":{"x":2.226460672276747,"y":90.13263859135004}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"6a4b7afd3eb5fa45d663585b"},{"hall":"1A5","title":{"de":"Gesellschaftliche Ideale","en":"Social Ideals"},"subtitle":{"de":"Die Neoimpressionisten und der Anarchismus","en":"Neo-Impressionism and Anarchism"},"description":{"de":"In einer Zeit gesellschaftlicher Umbrüche hatten die meisten Neoimpressionisten Sympathien für die Ideen des Anarchismus. Sie unterstützten anarchistische Zeitschriften mit Illustrationen und schufen Idealbilder eines gemeinschaftlichen Lebens, in dem sich das Individuum frei entfalten und einer erfüllenden Tätigkeit nachgehen kann. Für Paul Signac waren soziale Gerechtigkeit und Harmonie in der Kunst identisch. Maximilien Luce erhob Arbeiter in ihrem Alltag und bei der Tätigkeit im Stahlwerk zu bildwürdigen Sujets. Andere Künstler veranschaulichten ihre utopischen Gesellschaftsideen in arkadischen Szenen des ländlichen Lebens oder feierten den Rhythmus bäuerlicher Arbeit im Einklang mit der Natur.","en":"In a period of social upheaval, most of the Neo-Impressionists were sympathetic to the ideas of anarchism. They supported anarchist journals by contributing illustrations and created idealized images of a communal life in which the individual could develop freely and pursue fulfilling work. For Paul Signac, social justice and harmony in art were one and the same. Maximilien Luce elevated motifs of workers in their homes or laboring in the steel mills to image-worthy status, while other artists visualized their utopian social ideals in Arcadian rural scenes or celebrated the rhythm of agricultural work in harmony with nature."},"3dModel":"6a5291efa7a812ed70ed830a","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6a5291efa7a812ed70ed830a","id":"6a5389fa40d957001bcd457d"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"42042826881947d28dfa6e63f2a68f57","rotation":{"x":-2.693113552297008,"y":89.71998261514095}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.58,"y":1.5,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":-8.290730341170667,"y":1.7595898775086163,"z":-8.92028050177949,"exhibitionDependent":[]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"b78b2687cfb144dfa279c1f8b8ec5820","rotation":{"x":5.406624624456636,"y":-0.1526377025479262}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"6a4b7afd3eb5fa45d663585c"},{"hall":"Lel","title":{"de":"Im Licht des Südens","en":"The Light of the South"},"subtitle":{"de":"Mediterrane Landschaften als anarchistische Utopie","en":"The Mediterranean Landscape as Anarchist Utopia"},"description":{"de":"An der Côte d’Azur suchten Künstler ihr Arkadien. Paul Signac folgte Henri-Edmond Cross in den Süden und ließ sich in Saint-Tropez nieder. Die Landschaft des Mittelmeers, die damals noch kaum vom Tourismus erschlossen war, diente als paradiesischer Gegenentwurf zum industrialisierten Paris. Für die anarchistischen Maler und Schriftsteller war sie Projektionsraum einer Zukunft in gesellschaftlicher Harmonie. In Darstellungen von Fischerorten und Booten klingt das Ideal gemeinschaftlicher Arbeit an. Auch die Stilisierung der Landschaft und harmonische Kompositionen in prismatischen Farben vermitteln ein utopisches Moment. Die südliche Sonne eröffnete den Künstlern einen neuen Umgang mit dem Kolorit. Durch das Nebeneinandersetzen von Punkten in leuchtenden, komplementären Tönen erzeugten sie den Effekt farbigen Lichts.","en":"In search of Arcadia, artists went to the Côte d’Azur. Paul Signac followed Henri-Edmond Cross to the South of France and settled in Saint-Tropez. The Mediterranean landscape, at that time still largely untouched by tourism, stood in paradisical contrast to the industrialized metropolis of Paris. For anarchist painters and writers, the region was a projection space for a socially harmonious future. Images of fishing villages and boats evoke the ideal of communal work. The stylization of the landscape and harmonious compositions in prismatic colors also convey a utopian quality. The sunlight of the South prompted artists to approach color in a new way. By juxtaposing dots in luminous, complementary hues, they produced the effect of colored light."},"3dModel":"6a5291f1a7a812ed70ed8332","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6a5291f1a7a812ed70ed8332","id":"6a5389fa40d957001bcd457e"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"657ed2f83d9540b991b8c0b8d4359dca","rotation":{"x":-0.2059287040558792,"y":177.65210264441598}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.58,"y":1.5,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":-14.993807186287478,"y":1.7563580180903007,"z":6.498746017565133,"exhibitionDependent":[]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"8c079ca9e6d94eefbf0be66dd4c26e8c","rotation":{"x":0.6491324311662775,"y":0.46982886311916283}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"6a4b7afd3eb5fa45d663585d"},{"hall":"1B5","title":{"de":"Die Kunst der Farbe","en":"The Art of Color"},"subtitle":{"de":"Der Neoimpressionismus in Deutschland","en":"Neo-Impressionism in Germany"},"description":{"de":"Als Künstler wie als Kunsttheoretiker prägte Paul Signac den Einzug des Neoimpressionismus in Deutschland. Seine zentrale Schrift verortet die Strömung in einer Malereitradition, die der Farbe den Vorrang gibt. Sie erschien 1903 auf Deutsch unter dem Titel Von Eugen Delacroix zum Neo-Impressionismus und wurde bald im fortschrittlichen Bürgertum des deutschen Kaiserreichs aufgenommen. Zu den bedeutendsten Unterstützern des Neoimpressionismus zählten der Sammler und Publizist Harry Graf Kessler, der Architekt Henry van de Velde, der viele seiner Auftraggeber zum Erwerb neoimpressionistischer Bilder anregte, und der Maler Curt Herrmann. Dieser griff wie andere Künstler die neue Technik in seiner Malerei auf. In Deutschland verstärkten gesellschaftliche Debatten über das Sehen und Wahrnehmen sowie die Reformbewegung im Kunstgewerbe das Interesse am neuen Umgang mit Farbe.","en":"As an artist and art theorist, Paul Signac played a key role in introducing Neo-Impressionism to Germany. His major treatise, which situated the movement within a painterly tradition that gave precedence to color, was published in German in 1903 under the title Von Eugen Delacroix zum Neo-Impressionismus (From Eugène Delacroix to Neo-Impressionism). It soon found resonance among the progressive bourgeoisie of the German Empire. Among the most important supporters of Neo-Impressionism were collector and journalist Count Harry Kessler and architect Henry van de Velde, who encouraged many of his clients to acquire Neo-Impressionist paintings. Painter Curt Herrmann, who like other artists adopted the new technique in his own work, also belonged to their number. In Germany, interest in the new approach to color was intensified by social debates on vision and perception as well as the related concerns of the reform movement in the applied arts."},"3dModel":"6a5291f0a7a812ed70ed831e","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6a5291f0a7a812ed70ed831e","id":"6a5389fa40d957001bcd457f"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"943d75c59c304284bdba978aaf939cd6","rotation":{"x":-7.417961039838472,"y":-157.50095429427435}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.58,"y":1.5,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":-8.24766845528069,"y":1.7086390335640975,"z":25.863123994697464,"exhibitionDependent":[]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"42889f698dfd407b809017c05c5b71ae","rotation":{"x":-1.9459874685580671,"y":-0.09035807015872042}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"6a4b7afd3eb5fa45d663585e"}],"guides":[{"guide":"6a4a66433aacf61fab55c43a","id":"6a4e5e5327e89687b8e2374c"},{"guide":"6a4e5e520e837b01d5d1e16a","id":"6a4e5e5327e89687b8e2374d"}],"cover":"6a4a542818d42df607da7c0a","id":"6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"},{"createdAt":"2026-02-23T13:32:35.930Z","updatedAt":"2026-04-16T08:56:48.120Z","slug":"avantgarde","onDisplay":true,"entryInfoWall":{"description":{"de":"Impressionistische Malerei aus Frankreich stieß die erste künstlerische Avantgardebewegung in Deutschland an. Max Liebermann engagierte sich als Künstler, Sammler, Mentor und Ausstellungsmacher für diese Malerei des modernen Lebens. Sie erreichte Deutschland in den Umbruchsjahren nach dem Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71. Der preußische König Wilhelm I. hatte sich im Schloss von Versailles zum deutschen Kaiser krönen lassen – eine Demütigung für Frankreich, die das deutsch-französische Verhältnis über Jahrzehnte belastete und den künstlerischen Austausch zunächst bremste. Das Wirtschaftswachstum der Gründerzeit in Deutschland führte zu einem Erstarken des Bürgertums, dessen Aufgeschlossenheit für die neue Malerei aus Frankreich wuchs. In den deutschen Residenz- und ehemaligen Reichsstädten entstanden Museen, von denen wichtige Impulse ausgingen. Seit 1892 zeigte die Münchener Secession Impressionisten, 1898 folgte die Berliner Secession. Malerinnen und Maler bezogen seither Inspirationen aus Paris und malten pulsierende Stadtansichten, Momentaufnahmen moderner Freizeitaktivitäten, lebhafte Kinderportraits und dramatische Theaterszenen. Neben bekannten Künstlern wie Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth oder Max Slevogt schlossen sich viele weitere Künstlerinnen und Künstler der impressionistischen Avantgarde an, deren Werk es in diesem Zusammenhang neu zu entdecken gilt – etwa Dora Hitz, Gotthardt Kuehl, Sabine Lepsius, Heinrich Eduard Linde-Walther, Christian Rohlfs, Maria Slavona und Lesser Ury. Die Ausstellung steht unter der Schirmherrschaft von Bundespräsident Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Sie entstand in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Museum Frieder Burda in Baden-Baden.","en":"The impetus for the first avant garde art movement in Germany came from Impressionist painting in France. As an artist, collector, mentor, and exhibition organizer, Max Liebermann actively promoted the Impressionist painting of modern life, which reached Germany in the tumultuous years following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. King Wilhelm I of Prussia had been crowned emperor of Germany in the palace of Versailles, a humiliation that strained German-French relations for decades and initially hindered artistic exchange. Economic growth in late nineteenth-century Germany led to the rise of a bourgeoisie increasingly open to the new painting style from France. In the former residential and imperial cities of Germany newly founded museums took important steps in this direction. Impressionist works were first exhibited at the Munich Secession in 1892, and in 1898 the Berlin Secession followed suit. From then on, painters looked to Paris for inspiration, creating pulsating images of the city, snapshot-like views of modern leisure activities, lively portraits of children, and dramatic theater scenes. Along with well-known painters such as Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth, and Max Slevogt, many other artists were also associated with the Impressionist avant-garde—figures including Dora Hitz, Gotthardt Kuehl, Sabine Lepsius, Heinrich Eduard Linde-Walther, Christian Rohlfs, Maria Slavona, and Lesser Ury, whose works are well worth rediscovering. The exhibition is held under the patronage of Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and was organized in cooperation with the Museum Frieder Burda in Baden-Baden."},"guides":[{"guide":"699cad18c2b692a515e02a98","fileGroup":{"fileNumber":"200","file":{"de":"699cad9abab706a9c9e9ff79","en":"699cad9bbab706a9c9e9ff90"}},"id":"699cad9cac824e155569b094"}],"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":2.799999999999998,"y":1.7300000000000002,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":9.563583680383694,"y":-5.901093548292007,"z":-6.668238833540182,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":9.563583680383694,"y":-5.901093548292007,"z":-6.668238833540182},"id":"69a9cba3b366e7001bdbe932"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"faed3f2bec3043e5b6ab492fa6c99420","rotation":{"x":2.7697442550513984,"y":0.7390439302945533}}}},"guides":[{"guide":"699cad18c2b692a515e02a98","id":"699cad1869833f108942d80c"}],"galleries":[{"hall":"0A1","description":{"de":"Im Kaiserreich der 1870er Jahre blieb die moderne Kunst von einer akademischen, dunkeltonigen Ateliermalerei geprägt. Der französische Impressionismus wurde zunächst kaum zur Kenntnis genommen. Künstlerinnen und Künstler orientierten sich an Vorbildern aus der Schule von Barbizon mit ihren Szenen des bäuerlichen Lebens. Weitere Anregungen kamen aus Holland vom naturalistischen Ansatz der Haager Schule. Aber in ihrer Genremalerei thematisierten deutsche Maler bereits den Alltag der einfachen Bevölkerung. In dieser realitätsnahen, erzählerischen Form stellten sie fortschrittliche soziale Einrichtungen wie Altersheime oder Waisenhäuser dar. Erst ab den 1890er Jahren setzte sich die impressionistische Freilichtmalerei durch und entwickelte sich in verschiedenen Zentren – etwa in Berlin, Weimar, München und Dresden.","en":"In the German Empire of the 1870s, modern art was initially dominated by academic, dark-toned studio painting, with scant attention paid to French Impressionism. Artists emulated the painters of the Barbizon School with their scenes of rural life; further inspiration came from the Naturalist approach of the Hague School in Holland. In their genre painting, however, German artists had already focused on the everyday life of simple people, depicting progressive social institutions such as homes for the elderly or orphanages in realistic, narrative form. Not until the 1890s did Impressionist plein-air painting begin to gain ascendancy and develop in various centers such as Berlin, Weimar, Munich, and Dresden."},"coverImage":"69ac78e38097165e80978076","3dModel":"69abe1738097165e80972b9e","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1738097165e80972b9e","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbafd"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"a825051634504d47bfa08ede513c9e16","rotation":{"x":-0.18290301007447793,"y":-91.59095658303293}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.61,"y":1.5,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":16.1849431558635,"y":-5.753971432758682,"z":2.7140947209338986,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":16.1849431558635,"y":-5.753971432758682,"z":2.7140947209338986},"id":"69a9c6d4b366e7001bdbe92a"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"418c4358a1c94b8d98522389d3189adf","rotation":{"x":1.3821167751173435,"y":-179.95304653467497}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c59c0c8462c590418ebda","title":{"de":"Impressionismus in Deutschland","en":"Impressionism in Germany"},"subtitle":{"de":"Erste Schritte","en":"First Steps"}},{"hall":"0A2","description":{"de":"Bei Aufenthalten in Frankreich entdeckten Malerinnen und Maler aus Deutschland neue Motive – beleuchtete Cafés und Brücken, flanierende Bürger in Parks, ein mondänes Opernpublikum oder Spaziergängerinnen in weißen Kleidern an den Stränden der Normandie. Mit ihrem subjektiven Ausdruck sei die impressionistische Lichtmalerei der geeignete Stil, das moderne Leben auf die Leinwand zu bringen, befand der Kunsthistoriker Julius Meier-Graefe in seinem Buch Entwicklungsgeschichte der modernen Kunst von 1904. Um die Jahrhundertwende stellten die Berliner Secession und die Galerie Paul Cassirer regelmäßig Gemälde von Claude Monet oder Édouard Manet aus, die wegen ihrer Modernität kurz zuvor in Frankreich noch als skandalös empfunden worden waren. In Deutschland mobilisierten diese Ausstellungen die Opposition gegen die vom Kaiser erwünschte nationale Kunst.","en":"Painters from Germany discovered new motifs during visits to France: illuminated cafés and bridges, middleclass citizens strolling in the park, fashionable operagoers, and women in white dresses walking on the beaches of Normandy. In his 1904 book The Development of Modern Art, art historian Julius Meier-Graefe asserted that with its quality of subjective expression, the Impressionist painting of light was the style best suited to capturing modern life on canvas. Around the turn of the century, paintings by Claude Monet and Édouard Manet— whose modernity had provoked scandal in France only shortly before—were regularly shown at the Berlin Secession and the gallery of Paul Cassirer. In Germany, such exhibitions mobilized opposition against the nationalist art favored by the emperor."},"coverImage":"69ac78fb8097165e809780ab","3dModel":"69abe1908097165e80972bcd","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1908097165e80972bcd","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbafe"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"806ea65bdc7d44f8a9a233266e61c9f8","rotation":{"x":-0.31363119887476254,"y":-90.78922355324279}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.1,"y":1.51,"z":1.58},"position":{"x":28.810409009016883,"y":-5.6670751489359095,"z":-5.520094712712668,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":28.810409009016883,"y":-5.6670751489359095,"z":-5.475964966364144},"id":"69a9c744b366e7001bdbe92b"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"a778ae629f5e4975a121cd4e790cf66c","rotation":{"x":0.5807506007366604,"y":90.38991315020537}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5a25c8462c590418ebdb","title":{"de":"Motive des modernen Lebens","en":"Motifs of Modern Life"},"subtitle":{"de":"Anregungen aus Frankreich","en":"Impulses from France"}},{"hall":"1A3","description":{"de":"Mit der rapiden Stadterweiterung entwickelte sich Berlin bereits vor 1871 zur modernen Metropole. Breite Boulevards und künstliche Beleuchtung entstanden. Straßenansichten und nächtliche Szenen wurden zum Bildthema. Auch Gartenlokale und Biergärten fanden Eingang in das Motivrepertoire, ebenso die neuen bürgerlichen Freizeitvergnügen wie Reit- und Ruderausflüge, Schlittschuhlaufen und Segelpartien. Fasziniert von der rasanten Entwicklung hielten die Maler das geschäftige Treiben der Metropole mit dynamischer Pinselführung fest. Sie thematisierten die Sehnsucht des Großstadtmenschen nach Erholung im Grünen, aber auch die Anonymität urbaner Zentren. Die Gemälde zeigen eine ambivalente Sicht auf die Stadt als pulsierenden Kulturraum und zugleich als Ort emotionaler Überforderung.","en":"Even before 1871, the rapidly expanding city of Berlin had already developed into a modern metropolis. With the advent of broad boulevards and artificial lighting, street views and nocturnal scenes became subject matter for painting. Outdoor pubs and beer gardens also found entrance into the repertoire of motifs, as did new bourgeois leisure activities such as riding and rowing excursions, ice skating, and sailing parties. Fascinated by this rapid development, artists captured the hustle and bustle of the metropolis in dynamic brushstrokes, exploring city dwellers’ longing for recreation in nature as well as the anonymity of the urban centers. Their paintings show the metropolis in an ambivalent light, as both a pulsating cultural hub and an emotionally draining environment."},"coverImage":"69ac79128097165e809780dd","3dModel":"69abe1a48097165e80972bfb","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1a48097165e80972bfb","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbaff"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"7b3c364118dc492fb5f7ef4b34dcf215","rotation":{"x":-0.06937142870633313,"y":-90.60562589642487}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.58,"y":1.51,"z":0.12},"position":{"x":10.216923896945767,"y":1.8040132021720545,"z":-6.67663334610434,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":10.216923896945767,"y":1.8040132021720545,"z":-6.67663334610434},"id":"69a9c789b366e7001bdbe92c"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"9cbe37ff676248ef89b42607b352e601","rotation":{"x":1.0020398149256033,"y":0.5271364769352488}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5a90c8462c590418ebdc","title":{"de":"Die Moderne im Blick","en":"Looking at Modernity"},"subtitle":{"de":"Stadtbilder","en":"Images of the City"}},{"hall":"1A4","description":{"de":"Im 19. Jahrhundert entstand in Europa eine neue Kultur der Kur- und Badeorte. Der Ausbau der Eisenbahn seit den 1840er Jahren machte die Küste auch für breitere Bevölkerungsschichten zugänglich. Die Popularität des Badeurlaubs gab auch der Freilichtmalerei neue Motive. Ihre Bilder zeigen Strandpromenaden und reitende Urlauber an der holländischen Küste ebenso wie badende Kinder an heimischen Seen. Die skizzenhafte Malweise und das leuchtende Kolorit verleihen den Gemälden eine unbeschwerte Heiterkeit. Die impressionistische Malerei vereinte die neue Naturverbundenheit mit dem Freizeitvergnügen am Wasser und schuf Wunschbilder, die dem modernen Zeitgeist entsprachen.","en":"The nineteenth century saw the rise of a new culture of spas and seaside resorts in Europe. Beginning in the 1840s, the expansion of the railroad enabled broader segments of the population to travel to the coast. The popularity of holidays on the water also offered new motifs for plein-air painters: Artists depicted beach promenades and horseback rides on the Dutch coast, as well as children swimming in local lakes. The loose brushwork and brilliant colors lend their images an atmosphere of carefree pleasure. Impressionist painting combined the new interest in nature with leisure activity on the water, creating idealized images that reflected the modern zeitgeist."},"coverImage":"69ac79228097165e8097810d","3dModel":"69abe1c68097165e80972c29","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1c68097165e80972c29","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbb00"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"d6dabd6d03a941639ae909490a213d52","rotation":{"x":-5.973735766689567,"y":-88.43333351429997}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.13,"y":1.51,"z":1.58},"position":{"x":28.82785708098857,"y":1.7594022610747229,"z":-4.640620257265184,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":28.82785708098857,"y":1.7594022610747229,"z":-4.640620257265184},"id":"69a9c7d2b366e7001bdbe92d"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"eced14a6192548a2801325190d510285","rotation":{"x":5.033653328230904,"y":89.81821936978946}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5ac5c8462c590418ebdd","title":{"de":"Frische und Dynamik","en":"Fresh Air and Movement"},"subtitle":{"de":"Draußen am Wasser","en":"Holiday on the Water"}},{"hall":"1A5","description":{"de":"Die Gründerzeit rief im deutschen Bürgertum den Wunsch hervor, die Generation der Erben im Portrait festzuhalten. Als Vorbilder dienten die zeitgenössischen Kinderbildnisse von Mary Cassatt und Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Sie waren für französische und amerikanische Auftraggeber gemalt, die im Wirtschafts- aufschwung bürgerliche Dynastien begründet hatten. Große Erwartungen waren auf die Nachkommen gerichtet, große Sorgfalt wurde auf ihre Erziehung verwendet. Sonnenlicht und freie impressionistische Malweise bringen aber auch kindliche Unbefangenheit und den Esprit des Neubeginns zum Ausdruck. Die Kinderportraits spiegeln den freiheitlichen Geist der Reformpädagogik, die Religionsunterricht und Militarismus kritisierte und die Schule in einen Ort der Inspiration verwandeln wollte.","en":"In the late nineteenth century, the desire for portraits of the next generation arose among the German bourgeoisie. Their vision was modeled on the contemporary portraits of children by Mary Cassatt and Pierre- Auguste Renoir, produced for French and American patrons who had founded bourgeois dynasties in the wake of the economic boom. Such families had great expectations for their progeny and devoted tremendous care to their education. Yet the free brushwork and evocation of sunlight in Impressionist painting also evoked a feeling of carefree childlikeness and the spirit of new beginnings. The portraits of children reflect the liberated spirit of educational reform, which leveled criticism at religious training and militarism and sought to transform the school into a place of inspiration."},"coverImage":"69ac79388097165e8097813d","3dModel":"69abe1d88097165e80972c57","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1d88097165e80972c57","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbb01"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"b2b66f7ed5e24dea80a83b2c0911a324","rotation":{"x":-1.5252843618039569,"y":90.69407103992197}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.13,"y":1.51,"z":1.59},"position":{"x":-4.499463071851816,"y":1.7134630553079016,"z":0.3947824570230657,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":-4.499463071851816,"y":1.7134630553079016,"z":0.3947824570230657},"id":"69a9c825b366e7001bdbe92e"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"b9b05d7b53b446939bd305e3c01b768c","rotation":{"x":5.892904223755567,"y":-89.66791985659655}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5b32c8462c590418ebde","title":{"de":"Voller Erwartung","en":"Great Expectations"},"subtitle":{"de":"Kinderbilder","en":"Images of Children"}},{"hall":"Lel_1","description":{"de":"Neben Szenen des modernen Lebens Malerinnen und Maler auch den Blick auf Haus und Garten im impressionistischen Stil fest. 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Künstler brachten mit Motiven aus der Welt der Oper große Gefühle auf die Leinwand. Max Liebermann, Max Slevogt und Lovis Corinth setzten den impressionistischen Pinselduktus ein, um ihren Bildern eine vibrierende Dramatik zu verleihen. Ihre Kompositionen waren ein Resonanzraum der zeitgleichen Neuerungen im Theater und im modernen Tanz. Nach dem Vorbild Édouard Manets malte Slevogt Rollenportraits des Baritons Francisco d’Andrade. Daneben inszenierten die Maler biblische Geschichten wie Simson und Delila als Ausdruck des Geschlechterkampfs, der im Zug der Emanzipationsbewegung an Brisanz gewann.","en":"Around 1900, the importance of theater as an arena for emotional experience left its mark on painting as well. Artists turned to motifs from the world of opera to capture strong feelings on canvas. 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Es wird in keinem Zoo gezeigt, sein Vorkommen ist nirgendwo belegt, und doch ist es allgegenwärtig – in der Popkultur, der Werbung oder im Kinderzimmer. Dabei ist die Faszination des Einhorns kein neues Phänomen. Sie reicht über Jahrhunderte, sogar Jahrtausende zurück und ist in vielen Kulturen verankert. In Europa galt das Einhorn als Symbol für Christus oder als Allegorie der Keuschheit, es war medizinisches Wundermittel, Schmuckstück in Kunstkammern und Forschungsobjekt der beginnenden Naturwissenschaft.   Die Ausstellung untersucht die vielschichtige Bedeutung des Einhorns über die Zeiten und dokumentiert seine künstlerische Darstellung von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Wie kein anderes Tier hat das Einhorn die Phantasie von Künstlerinnen und Künstlern angeregt.   Eine Ausstellung des Museums Barberini mit dem Musée de Cluny – musée national du Moyen Âge und dem GrandPalaisRmn, Paris","en":"The unicorn is magical. It is not on display in any zoo, its existence remains unproven, and yet it is omnipresent—in popular culture, advertising, and children’s rooms alike. The unicorn’s appeal, however, is by no means a recent phenomenon; it goes back centuries, even millennia, and is deeply rooted in many cultures. In Europe the unicorn was regarded as a symbol of Christ or as an allegory of chastity, its horn was a miraculous remedy for illness, a prize possession in cabinets of curiosities, and an object of study for the nascent natural sciences.   The exhibition explores the multifaceted meaning of the unicorn through the ages and documents its artistic representation from its origins to the present. Like no other creature, the unicorn has sparked the imagination of artists.   The exhibition is organized by the Museum Barberini with the Musée de Cluny—musée national du Moyen Âge and the GrandPalaisRmn, Paris."},"guides":[{"guide":"692749ad27ac597a8c519b7d","fileGroup":{"fileNumber":"0","file":{"de":"69274ac127ac597a8c519cdb","en":"69274aa427ac597a8c519c8b"}},"id":"69274a7a5d14c00b4c7da6d9"}],"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"966fb2db3169430cbe7edf278a5ce953","rotation":{"x":11.23,"y":-0.43}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":4.03,"y":3.23,"z":0.47},"position":{"x":12.18,"y":-5.5,"z":-6.92,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"guides":[{"guide":"692749ad27ac597a8c519b7d","id":"6981ea2d607f9b0a18920b0d"}],"galleries":[{"hall":"0A1_1","description":{"de":"Die Vorstellung vom Einhorn hat ihren Ursprung in Indien. Von dort verbreitete sie sich nach Tibet, China und Japan sowie Persien. Auf seiner Wanderung über Zeiten und Räume hinweg erfuhr das Motiv des einhörnigen Tieres zahlreiche Wandlungen. Jede Kultur wies ihm eigene Bedeutungen zu.  Bei der künstlerischen Darstellung spielten die jeweilige Bildtradition und regionale Tiervorkommen eine Rolle. Gazellen oder Steinböcke konnten mit nur einem Horn gezeigt werden. Das meinte keineswegs immer das mythische Einhorn.  In das christliche Europa gelangte die Vorstellung des Fabeltiers erst, nachdem im 2./3. Jahrhundert ein unbekannter Autor in seiner Schrift Physiologus das Einhorn beschrieben hatte. Zunächst wie eine Ziege dargestellt, etablierte sich um 1500 seine Gestalt als pferdeähnlich.","en":"The idea of the unicorn originated in India. From there, it spread to Tibet, China, and Japan as well as to Persia. On its journey through time and space, the motif of the one-horned animal underwent numerous transformations. Each culture assigned it different meanings.  Artistic representations were influenced by local visual conventions and regional fauna. Gazelles or ibexes could be shown with a single horn. This did not always refer to the mythical unicorn.  In Christian Europe, the image of the mythical beast first arrived after an unknown author from the second or third century had described the unicorn in his treatise the Physiologus. At first depicted like a goat, the unicorn took on horse-like shape around 1500."},"coverImage":"691719878c90c86166e3cb35","3dModel":"691ca3a9fe97058bca30c9b8","startPoint":{"sweepId":"ba5ebc70bf26467c843494213e85b37e","rotation":{"x":3.24,"y":-92.39}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"fb3835debc0548639556d85ceb3cb799","rotation":{"x":1.54,"y":90.2}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.2,"y":1.7,"z":1.95},"position":{"x":6.67,"y":-5.46,"z":-4.43,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f755eaa06b5a0566961b2e","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca3a9fe97058bca30c9b8","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd705"}],"title":{"de":"In vielerlei Gestalt","en":"Multifarious Forms"},"subtitle":{"de":"Ursprung und Wandlungen des Einhorns","en":"The Origin and Transformation of the Unicorn"}},{"hall":"0A1_2","description":{"de":"Bis ins 17. Jahrhundert war die Existenz des Einhorns unbestritten, schließlich erwähnte es die Bibel mehrere Male. Allegorische Tiergruppen und Verbildlichungen von Erzählungen, in denen viele Tiere vorkommen, schlossen das Einhorn ein.  Aus der Bibel sind es die Schöpfungsgeschichte, das Paradies und die Sintflut. Ein Thema aus der klassischen Antike ist der Mythos von Orpheus, der die wilden Tiere bezaubert. Allerdings erwähnt keine dieser Geschichten das Einhorn ausdrücklich.  Das Einhorn wird im Kreis der anderen Tiere gezeigt, was auf die Selbstverständlichkeit seines Vorkommens weist. Die Künstler reizte auch der Zauber des Ungewohnten und die mythisch aufgeladene Erscheinung des Einhorns. Daher ist es häufig an prominenter Stelle zu sehen und wirkt als Blickfang.","en":"The existence of the unicorn, a creature mentioned several times in the Bible, remained uncontested into the seventeenth century. Allegorical animal groups and illustrations of narratives featuring many different kinds of beasts also included the figure of the unicorn.  Biblical stories of this kind were the Creation, the Garden of Eden, and the Flood. One theme from classical antiquity is the myth of Orpheus, who tamed the wild animals. Though none of these stories explicitly mentioned the unicorn.  The unicorn appears as an animal among animals, indicating that its presence was taken for granted. The charm of the unfamiliar and the unicorn’s mythical appearance also appealed to artists, who often placed it in a prominent position to attract the viewer’s eye."},"coverImage":"69171a1d8c90c86166e3cb8b","3dModel":"691ca460fe97058bca30ca5b","startPoint":{"sweepId":"c06c9fa4cbf941b6b47b0ee1249dd7f8","rotation":{"x":-3.67,"y":-87.33}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"608ebf463b0a4df09e46f19675f7a427","rotation":{"x":6.58,"y":0.46}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.95,"y":2.04,"z":0.2},"position":{"x":20.34,"y":-5.51,"z":-6.7,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b371a06b5a0566961b2f","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca460fe97058bca30ca5b","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd706"}],"title":{"de":"Tier unter Tieren","en":"An Animal Among Animals"},"subtitle":{"de":"Illustrationen zu Bibel, Heiligenlegenden und Mythen","en":"Illustrations for the Bible, Saints’ Legends, and Myths"}},{"hall":"0A2","description":{"de":"Über viele Jahrhunderte war das Einhorn ein christliches Symbol. Seine Bedeutung ging von der Schrift Physiologus aus. Sie fügte den antiken Quellen über das Einhorn eine Legende hinzu: Das wilde Tier könne nur durch eine Jungfrau gefangen werden. Das Einhorn stehe für Jesus, die Jungfrau für Maria. So erhob der Physiologus das Einhorn zu einer Allegorie des zentralen christlichen Mysteriums, der Menschwerdung Gottes.  Diese Vorstellung war Ausgangspunkt für die Darstellungen des Einhorns in Gebetbüchern und auf Altarbildern. Am häufigsten gezeigt ist die Szene der Verkündigung, die Botschaft an Maria von der Empfängnis Jesu.","en":"The unicorn was a Christian symbol for many centuries. Its meaning was derived from the text Physiologus. It added a legend to the antique sources about the unicorn: the wild animal could only be captured by a virgin. The unicorn represented Christ, while the virgin symbolized Mary. In this way, the Physiologus elevated the unicorn to an allegory of the Incarnation, the central mystery of the Christian faith.  This idea served as the point of departure for countless unicorn images in prayer books and altarpieces. The scene most often shown is the Annunciation, where Mary receives the message of Jesus’ conception.  With changes in religious iconography after about 1550, the motif of the unicorn lost its significance. Its presence persisted, however, on altarpieces that continued be displayed."},"coverImage":"69171b028c90c86166e3cbe7","3dModel":"691ca49dfe97058bca30cad1","startPoint":{"sweepId":"a9fa979022e944b0b78e96baa8cc14f6","rotation":{"x":-4.26,"y":-88.68}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"8f02326a65d04639bc8a04f905dec9ce","rotation":{"x":1.88,"y":90.12}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.2,"y":2.04,"z":1.95},"position":{"x":29.07,"y":-5.51,"z":0.32,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b3b4a06b5a0566961b30","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca49dfe97058bca30cad1","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd707"}],"title":{"de":"Von der Verkündigung bis zur Auferstehung","en":"From Annunciation to Resurrection"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Einhorn in der christlichen Bildwelt","en":"The Unicorn in Christian Iconography"}},{"hall":"1A3_1","description":{"de":"Noch während die religiöse Deutung von Jungfrau und Einhorn vorherrschte, etablierte sich das Thema auch im weltlichen Bereich. Im 15. Jahrhundert zeigten Kunstwerke das enge Miteinander von Frau und Tier. Sie bewegen sich im Spannungsfeld zwischen mütterlicher Fürsorge und Verführung.  Die Künstler gingen von der christlichen Ikonographie aus, die den Zeitgenossen präsent war. Nun jedoch konnte das Einhorn für die Mahnung zu ehelicher Treue, das Ideal der Triebbeherrschung oder die Liebesverfallenheit des Minnesängers stehen. Dabei war die Legende von der Besänftigung des Einhorns durch die Jungfrau stets mitgedacht.  Zeitgleich mit dem Nachlassen der christlichen Wertschätzung des Einhorns klang auch die weltliche Darstellung von Frau und Einhorn am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts aus.","en":"At a time when virgin and unicorn still conveyed a predominantly religious meaning, the theme also established itself outside the ecclesiastical realm. In the fifteenth century works of art showed the close companionship of a woman and the animal. They suggested associations ranging from maternal care to seduction.  Artists drew upon the familiar Christian iconography, well known to contemporaries. Now, however, the unicorn could symbolize marital fidelity, the ideal of self-control, or the amorous passion of the lovesick troubadour. The legend of the taming of the unicorn by a virgin also resonated in such scenes.  During the same period as the waning of the Christian interpretation of the unicorn, the secular iconography of woman and unicorn also declined at the end of the sixteenth century."},"coverImage":"69171ba88c90c86166e3cc36","3dModel":"691ca4b5fe97058bca30cb1c","startPoint":{"sweepId":"2efc479f77a648edb229219be812fba9","rotation":{"x":-0.98,"y":-90.9}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"79d0b2a68cd04dc592f9c3cf3dbaf3c6","rotation":{"x":8.99,"y":179.59}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.95,"y":2.04,"z":0.2},"position":{"x":11.72,"y":1.86,"z":2.73,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b4f8a06b5a0566961b35","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca4b5fe97058bca30cb1c","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd708"}],"title":{"de":"Innige Gemeinschaft","en":"Intimate Companionship"},"subtitle":{"de":"Die Jungfrau und das Einhorn","en":"The Unicorn and the Virgin"}},{"hall":"1A3_2_1","description":{"de":"Niemals hatte jemand in Europa das Einhorn gesehen, von dem die antiken Texte berichten. Aber die in Kirchenschätzen und Kunstkammern aufbewahrten Narwalzähne, als Horn des Einhorns angesehen, galten als Beweis seiner Existenz. Reiseberichte aus fernen Gebieten erwähnten Einhorn-Vorkommen, Illustrationen beglaubigten die Schilderungen.  Die Wissenschaft des 16. Jahrhunderts forderte die Überprüfbarkeit von Wissen und hinterfragte die Quellen. Sie begann, am Bestehen des Einhorns zu zweifeln. Naturforscher des 17. Jahrhunderts bewiesen die tatsächliche Herkunft des „Einhorn-Horns“ vom Narwal. Diese Erkenntnis erschütterte das überlieferte Bild vom Aussehen des Einhorns und damit den Glauben an sein Dasein. Dennoch blieb seine Gestalt Teil des Bildgedächtnisses.","en":"The unicorn described by the ancient authors had never been seen in Europe. Yet the narwhal tusks preserved in church treasuries and princely cabinets of curiosities, believed to be unicorn horns, were considered proof of the animal’s existence. Travel reports from distant lands mentioned unicorn sightings, illustrations authenticated the descriptions.  Sixteenth-century science demanded the verification of knowledge and questioned the reliability of sources. It cast doubt on the reality of the unicorn. Seventeenth-century naturalists demonstrated that “unicorn horn” came from the narwhal. This discovery undermined the traditional image of the unicorn’s appearance and, with it, the belief in its existence. Yet its figure remained present in visual memory."},"coverImage":"69171d198c90c86166e3cd6c","3dModel":"691ca4cdfe97058bca30cb5a","startPoint":{"sweepId":"13f4c65b743b48469b006a1480bda8fc","rotation":{"x":-4.33,"y":-88.18}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"071b03a6ffa74fc880b71395fbdcc46b","rotation":{"x":10.93,"y":-179.21}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.95,"y":2.04,"z":0.2},"position":{"x":18.8,"y":1.91,"z":2.67,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b3f4a06b5a0566961b31","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca4cdfe97058bca30cb5a","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd709"}],"title":{"de":"Augenzeugen und Naturforscher","en":"Eyewitnesses and Naturalists"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Einhorn in Reisebericht und Tierkunde","en":"The Unicorn in Travel Reports and Animal Lore"}},{"hall":"1A3_2_2","description":{"de":"Bereits die frühesten Quellen sprachen dem Horn des Einhorns medizinische Eigenschaften zu. Wer aus einem Gefäß trinke, das daraus gefertigt ist, sei gefeit gegen Krampf und Epilepsie. In einer christlichen Legende hieß es, das Einhorn könne einen See vom Gift einer Schlange reinigen.  Auf dieser Überlieferung gründete im Mittelalter der Glaube an die heilende Wirkung des Einhorn-Horns. Fürsten ließen sich daraus Trinkpokale anfertigen und überprüften ihre Speisen mit Stücken dieses Horns. In Pulverform war es ein begehrtes Heilmittel gegen nahezu alle Krankheiten.  Im 16. Jahrhundert begannen Ärzte, den Nutzen des Hornpulvers zu bezweifeln. Doch blieb es weiterhin Teil von Arzneirezepturen. Der anhaltende Glaube an seine kurierende Kraft spiegelt sich auch im Namen der Einhorn-Apotheken.","en":"Medicinal properties were ascribed to unicorn horn already in the earliest sources. Drinking from a vessel made from it was said to protect against convulsions and epilepsy. According to a Christian legend, the unicorn could rid a lake of snake venom.  This tradition formed the basis for medieval belief in the healing power of unicorn horn. Princes had drinking goblets fashioned from the horn and used pieces of it to test their food. In powdered form, it was a sought-after cure for nearly every ailment.  In the sixteenth-century physicians began to question the effectiveness of the powdered horn. Yet it continued to be included in medicinal recipes. The persistent belief in its healing power is also reflected in the use of the name “Einhorn” (unicorn) for apothecaries."},"coverImage":"69171e9b8c90c86166e3cded","3dModel":"691ca4effe97058bca30cb9f","startPoint":{"sweepId":"2f051b60f2a147e29405c8c863c81c7b","rotation":{"x":-2.12,"y":-122.67}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"72e07e496cab4122b631b98ab32046c3","rotation":{"x":11.04,"y":179.41}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.95,"y":2.04,"z":0.2},"position":{"x":22.61,"y":2.05,"z":2.6,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b433a06b5a0566961b32","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca4effe97058bca30cb9f","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd70a"}],"title":{"de":"Sagenhafte Kraft gegen Gift","en":"A Legendary Antidote"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Einhorn in der Heilkunde","en":"The Unicorn in Medicine"}},{"hall":"1A4","description":{"de":"Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert sammelten Fürsten und wohlhabende Bürger kostbare und seltene Objekte in Kunst- und Wunderkammern. Das Horn des Einhorns – tatsächlich der Zahn des Narwals – war überaus begehrt. Das lag nicht nur an seiner Stellung zwischen Phantastik und Wirklichkeit, sondern auch an seinem besonderen Erscheinungsbild sowie seiner kulturellen Bedeutung. Das mythische Einhorn erschien in den Kunstkabinetten auch als anmutige Kleinplastik in Elfenbein oder Silber ausgeführt.  Das Einhorn war das Kunstkammerstück schlechthin – ein edles Rarissimum, das Staunen erregte und seinen Besitzer adelte. Die Zeit der Kunst- und Wunderkammern begann in der Renaissance und reichte bis ins 18. Jahrhundert. Diese Sammlungen bildeten im Kleinen die ganze Welt ab – zu der gehörte auch das Einhorn.","en":"From the sixteenth century on, princes and wealthy citizens collected precious, rare, or unusual objects in Kunst- and Wunderkammern (chambers of art and curiosities). Unicorn horn—in actuality the tusk of the narwhal—was highly coveted not only for its mingling of fantasy and reality, but also for its unusual appearance and cultural meaning. The mystic unicorn appeared in chambers of art in the form of elegant figurines fashioned of ivory or silver.  The unicorn was the Kunstkammer piece par excellence, a noble rarissimum that provoked astonishment and enhanced its owner’s prestige. The era of art and curiosity chambers began in the late Renaissance and continued into the eighteenth century. Such collections were microcosms of the entire world—a world to which the unicorn also belonged."},"coverImage":"69171ebd8c90c86166e3ce24","3dModel":"691ca50efe97058bca30cbde","startPoint":{"sweepId":"5b8c9b809a904810a918275ad499e827","rotation":{"x":0.14,"y":-90}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"70180a4d0fd8434f9bf7f6150076fc6e","rotation":{"x":8.31,"y":137.79}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.95,"y":2.04,"z":1.4},"position":{"x":30.17,"y":1.93,"z":0.68,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b4bba06b5a0566961b34","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca50efe97058bca30cbde","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd70b"}],"title":{"de":"Kostbar, selten, staunenswert","en":"Precious, Rare, Astonishing"},"subtitle":{"de":"Glanzstück der Kunst- und Wunderkammer","en":"Showpiece of the Kunst- and Wunderkammer"}},{"hall":"1A5","description":{"de":"Neben der Bedeutung, die das Einhorn über Jahrhunderte im Christentum, in Naturkunde, Medizin und Kunstkammer hatte, erscheint es seit dem späten Mittelalter in den unterschiedlichsten Zusammenhängen. Das Einhorn war im Bildgedächtnis fest verankert und wurde zum frei verfügbaren Kulturgut.  So fand es als Allegorie der Keuschheit Verwendung, es diente im politischen Bereich als herrschaftliches Signum, in der Heraldik der persönlichen Identifikation. Lehrhafte Embleme betonten Eigenschaften wie Kostbarkeit und Schnelligkeit – an die noch Handelsmarken im 20. Jahrhundert anknüpften.  Jede dieser Inanspruchnahmen konnte auf die ästhetische Besonderheit des Einhorns bauen, sein ansprechendes Äußeres garantierte Aufmerksamkeit. Das hervorstehende Horn wirkt wie ein Ausrufezeichen.","en":"In addition to the significance the unicorn held for centuries in Christianity, natural science, medicine, and Kunstkammer, it appeared in a wide range of iconographic contexts from the late Middle Ages onward. Firmly anchored in visual memory, the unicorn became a freely adaptable cultural element.  It was employed as an allegory of chastity, appeared as an insignia of rulership in the political realm, and was used in heraldry as a marker of personal identity. Didactic emblems emphasized specific qualities such as preciousness and speed—associations that even found an echo in twentieth-century trademarks.  Each of these uses relied on the unicorn’s distinctive aesthetic appeal, as its attractive appearance was sure to draw attention. The prominent horn even resembles an exclamation point."},"coverImage":"69171f248c90c86166e3ce67","3dModel":"691ca523fe97058bca30cc28","startPoint":{"sweepId":"78ada544dcea41799552142881f5a9be","rotation":{"x":-1.82,"y":87.76}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"765e63c44f3a4241a48090130be36301","rotation":{"x":5.38,"y":-91}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.23,"y":1.86,"z":1.95},"position":{"x":-4.22,"y":1.96,"z":0.34,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b52fa06b5a0566961b36","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca523fe97058bca30cc28","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd70c"}],"title":{"de":"Viele Eigenschaften, viele Bedeutungen","en":"Many Qualities, Many Meanings"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Einhorn als Symbol","en":"The Unicorn as Symbol"}},{"hall":"Lel","description":{"de":"Zu den wichtigsten Eigenschaften des Einhorns zählten die frühen Autoren seine Wildheit, Angriffslust und Stärke. Diese Einschätzung beruhte auch auf einer Vermischung mit Berichten über das Nashorn. Das späte Mittelalter sah das Einhorn in Gesellschaft der Wilden Leute, dem Gegenbild zur Zivilisation.  Gegenüber allen Lebewesen verhielt sich das Einhorn aggressiv. Es attackierte andere Tiere, etwa Drachen und Löwen sowie seinen Lieblingsfeind, den Elefanten. Aber auch Menschen waren vor ihm nicht sicher. In persischen wie europäischen Heldenerzählungen musste ein mutiger Kämpfer gegen ein böses Einhorn antreten.  Diesen unheimlichen und bedrohlichen Aspekt des Einhorns thematisierten Künstler bis ins 16. Jahrhundert. Auch die zeitgenössische Kunst kennt die kämpferische Natur des Einhorns.","en":"According to early authors, the wildness, belligerence, and strength of the unicorn were among its most important characteristics. This assessment was also based on a conflation with reports about the rhinoceros. In the late Middle Ages, the unicorn was envisioned in the company of the Wild People, the antithesis of civilization.  The unicorn behaved aggressively toward all living creatures. It attacked other animals such as the dragon and the lion, as well as its archenemy, the elephant. Nor were human beings exempt from its threat. In heroic epics from Persia and Europe a courageous warrior confronted a malevolent unicorn.  This uncanny and menacing aspect of the unicorn was a theme for artists into the sixteenth century. Contemporary art also reflects the combative nature of the unicorn."},"coverImage":"691720298c90c86166e3cf03","3dModel":"691ca538fe97058bca30cc71","startPoint":{"sweepId":"bc9109a0dcd6463a913891a23e9292cd","rotation":{"x":-1.12,"y":-179.18}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"1e1f07594dc0422ab58cc711cfb3dfb9","rotation":{"x":3.82,"y":0.85}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.95,"y":1.86,"z":0.23},"position":{"x":-12.47,"y":2,"z":4.36,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b47aa06b5a0566961b33","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca538fe97058bca30cc71","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd70d"}],"title":{"de":"Wehrhaft und streitbar","en":"Defiant and Combative"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Einhorn bei den Wilden Leuten und im Kampf gegen Tiere und Menschen","en":"The Unicorn Among the Wild People and in Battle with Animals and Men"}},{"hall":"1B5","description":{"de":"Bevor das Einhorn um 1600 aus der Malerei verschwand, war es in der europäischen Kunst allgegenwärtig, seine Bedeutung als Symbol festgelegt. Das war anders, als sich am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts Künstler – und im 20./21. Jahrhundert auch Künstlerinnen – dem Einhorn zuwandten. Bei solchen Aneignungen konnten Elemente der Überlieferung eine Rolle spielen oder aber neue Bezüge entstehen. Als neues Medium eröffnete der Film im 20. Jahrhundert die Möglichkeit, das Erscheinen des Tieres zu thematisieren. Das Einhorn war und ist flexibel genug, sich in ironischer oder sakraler, symbolistischer oder surrealer, magischer oder träumerischer, selbst abstrakter Verwendung zu behaupten. In einer von Rationalismus dominierten Welt ist sein Refugium die künstlerische Phantasie.","en":"Before the unicorn disappeared from painting around 1600, it was ubiquitous in European art and was firmly established as a symbol. The situation changed when, at the end of the nineteenth century, artists—and, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, also women artists—turned their attention to the unicorn. Such appropriations could be informed by elements of tradition, or new associations could emerge. In the twentieth century, the new medium of film opened up possibilities for exploring manifestations of the animal.  The unicorn was and is flexible enough to assert itself in an ironic or sacral, Symbolist or Surrealist, magical, dreamlike, or even abstract form. In a world dominated by rationalism, it finds its refuge in the imagination of the artist."},"coverImage":"6917207d8c90c86166e3cf3e","3dModel":"691ca555fe97058bca30ccaf","startPoint":{"sweepId":"33e309971a27424c83a1d5b0bd11aa14","rotation":{"x":-1.96,"y":-171.91}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"e514a9ba56e1415e9042951465581fa6","rotation":{"x":8.68,"y":89.21}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.23,"y":1.5,"z":1.5},"position":{"x":-11.53,"y":2.07,"z":33.12,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68f8b569a06b5a0566961b37","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"691ca555fe97058bca30ccaf","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd70e"}],"title":{"de":"Aneignung, Identifikation, Verwendung","en":"Appropriation, Identification, Utilization"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Einhorn in der Kunst seit dem 19. Jahrhundert","en":"The Unicorn in Art Since the Nineteenth Century"}},{"hall":"0B1","description":{"de":"Das Medium Film kann die Abfolge von Erscheinen, Präsenz und Entfernen des Einhorns zeigen. Anders als im überlieferten Bildschema verschmelzen Frau und Einhorn zu einer Figur. Das Auftreten des Fabeltiers bleibt unbegründet und rätselhaft. Seine Gegenwärtigkeit ist unverfügbar.","en":"Das Medium Film kann die Abfolge von Erscheinen, Präsenz und Entfernen des Einhorns zeigen. Anders als im überlieferten Bildschema verschmelzen Frau und Einhorn zu einer Figur. Das Auftreten des Fabeltiers bleibt unbegründet und rätselhaft. 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Der Realismus seiner frühen Landschaftsbilder ist von Künstlern der Schule von Barbizon wie Camille Corot und Gustave Courbet beeinflusst. Oft malte er die Nutzgärten, Felder und Straßen in seinen Wohnorten Pontoise und Louveciennes. Manche kritisierten diese Motive als banal, andere feierten sie als echt und ehrlich. Neben seinem Interesse für das bäuerliche Leben gehörte Pissarro zu den ersten Impressionisten, die die industrialisierten Pariser Vororte als moderne Landschaft bildwürdig machten. Er begann den Wandel eines Motivs zu unterschiedlichen Jahres- und Tageszeiten zu erkunden. Während des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges 1870/71 floh er nach London, wo er seinen Galeristen Paul Durand-Ruel kennenlernte.","en":"Camille Pissarro moved to France in 1855, having already spent part of his school years there. The realistic style of his early landscape paintings was influenced by artists of the Barbizon School such as Camille Corot and Gustave Courbet. Pissarro often painted the vegetable gardens, fields, and roads in the towns of Pontoise and Louveciennes, where he lived. Many viewers criticized these motifs as banal, while others celebrated them as genuine and honest. In addition to his interest in rural life, Pissarro was one of the first Impressionists to embrace the industrialized suburbs of Paris as a worthy subject for modern landscape painting. He began to explore the transformation of motifs at different times of day and year. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, he fled to London, where he met art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel."},"coverImage":"685ad1659dc10a472450770e","3dModel":"685ac8119dc10a4724507240","startPoint":{"sweepId":"8c76a75a1b894461b55b5ebff1e214c0","rotation":{"x":-1.34,"y":-89.45}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"dec7639f5b86430c8fb3499c1ca6288b","rotation":{"x":11.38,"y":0.74}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.36,"y":1.79,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":15.24,"y":-5.53,"z":-6.74,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"685928ceef4a7e11c6cf295a","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ac8119dc10a4724507240","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd712"}],"title":{"de":"Der Weg zum Impressionismus","en":"The Path to Impressionism"},"subtitle":{"de":"Moderne Landschaften","en":"Modern Landscapes"}},{"hall":"0A2","description":{"de":"Camille Pissarros große Familie spielte in seinem Leben eine wichtige Rolle. Gegen den elterlichen Willen heiratete er eine katholische französische Winzertocher, Julie Vellay, die er als Bedienstete in seinem Elternhaus kennengelernt hatte. Das Paar hatte acht Kinder, von denen ein Sohn als junger Erwachsener und zwei Mädchen als Kinder starben. Verglichen mit seinen zahlreichen Landschaften malte Pissarro nur wenige Portraits seiner Familienmitglieder. Sie haben eher privaten Charakter. Die Stärke und Lebenserfahrung seiner Frau brachte er mit pastosen, kräftigen Pinselstrichen zum Ausdruck, die Zartheit seiner jungen Tochter Jeanne-Rachel mit gedeckten Tönen und transparenterem Farbauftrag. Pissarro regte auch seine Kinder an, sich künstlerisch zu schulen – fünf von ihnen ergriffen den Beruf des Vaters.","en":"Camille Pissarro’s large family played an important role in his life. Against his parents’ will, he married Julie Vellay, a French Catholic winegrower’s daughter who had been employed as a maid in his family home. The couple had eight children, three of whom died: one son as a young adult and two daughters during childhood. Compared to the many landscapes he painted, Pissarro created only a few portraits of his family members. These works tend to be private in character. He used powerful, impasto brushstrokes to express his wife’s strength and life experience and evoked the frail constitution of his young daughter Jeanne-Rachel with muted tones and a more transparent application of paint. Pissarro also encouraged his children to acquire artistic training, and five of them followed in his professional footsteps."},"coverImage":"685ad20c9dc10a4724507a3f","3dModel":"685ac8579dc10a472450729b","startPoint":{"sweepId":"892b273ec94b43c19de80862f2024c63","rotation":{"x":0.65,"y":-89.7}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"f2a4ab29480d4b3ab3948b76fa406feb","rotation":{"x":5.37,"y":-0.58}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.42,"y":1.76,"z":0.15},"position":{"x":30.48,"y":-5.63,"z":-6.94,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68592905ef4a7e11c6cf295b","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ac8579dc10a472450729b","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd713"}],"title":{"de":"Familienbilder","en":"Family Pictures"},"subtitle":{"de":"Portraits und Stillleben","en":"Portraits and Still Lifes"}},{"hall":"1A3_1","description":{"de":"Seit den frühen 1870er Jahren verwendete Camille Pissarro zunehmend eine hellere Farbpalette und einen gebrochenen Pinselstrich – beides sind zentrale Merkmale des Impressionismus. Die Jury des Pariser Salons lehnte seine unkonventionelle, skizzenhafte Freilichtmalerei mehrfach ab. Um sich von den staatlichen Ausstellungen unabhängig zu machen, gründete Pissarro 1873 mit Kollegen wie Claude Monet und Edgar Degas die Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, etc. Als Einziger nahm er an allen acht Ausstellungen teil, die die Gruppe zwischen 1874 und 1886 veranstaltete. In den ersten Jahren befasste er sich mit der Darstellung von Landschaften zu verschiedenen Jahres- und Tageszeiten, die häufig von Staffagefiguren bevölkert sind. So betont Pissarro das Wechselverhältnis von Mensch und Natur.","en":"From the early 1870s on, Camille Pissarro increasingly adopted a lighter color palette and a broken brushstroke—both central characteristics of Impressionism. His unconventional, sketch-like plein-air painting was repeatedly rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon. To gain independence from these state-sponsored exhibitions, he helped found the Société Anonyme des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. in 1873 with fellow painters, including Claude Monet and Edgar Degas. Pissarro was the only artist to participate in all eight of the exhibitions organized by the group between 1874 and 1886. In the early years, he concentrated on landscapes painted at different times of day and year, often populated with small figures. In doing so, Pissarro emphasized the reciprocal relationship between humans and nature."},"coverImage":"685ad2209dc10a4724507a76","3dModel":"685ac8719dc10a47245072db","startPoint":{"sweepId":"c798c75b48bc4fa5b9d46cfdaf0113ca","rotation":{"x":-3.38,"y":-90.66}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"3de947fcb31d4912a6282d580757a015","rotation":{"x":10.78,"y":-0.14}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.4,"y":1.83,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":11.62,"y":1.91,"z":-6.74,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"685929aeef4a7e11c6cf295c","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ac8719dc10a47245072db","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd714"}],"title":{"de":"Malerei unter freiem Himmel","en":"Painting Outdoors"},"subtitle":{"de":"Pissarros Impressionismus","en":"Pissarro’s Impressionism"}},{"hall":"1A3_2","description":{"de":"Von 1880 an verschob sich Camille Pissarros Interesse auf bäuerliche Figurenbilder, mit denen er in unterschiedlichsten Medien sein Ideal des ländlichen Lebens zum Ausdruck brachte. Den Frauen, die er bei der Heuernte oder der Weinlese zeigt, geht die Arbeit leicht und rhythmisch von der Hand, fast wie in einer Choreographie. Momente des Innehaltens zeugen von einer ruhigen, erfüllenden Tätigkeit. Durch die Stilisierung der Figuren, die ihnen eine überzeitliche Qualität verleiht, weist Pissarro seinen sorgfältig vorbereiteten Kompositionen universale Bedeutung zu. Inhaltlich fortgeführt werden die Erntebilder in lebhaften Marktszenen, in denen Frauen ihre landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnisse anbieten. Wie das Ideal des Landlebens entsprach das ausgewogene Verhältnis von Produktion und Konsum Pissarros anarchistischen Überzeugungen.","en":"From 1880 on, Camille Pissarro turned his attention to rural figure scenes, with which he expressed his ideal of country life in a wide variety of media. He shows women harvesting hay or picking grapes, performing their work easily and rhythmically, as if it were choreographed. At times, they pause for a moment, suggesting the peaceful, fulfilling nature of their activity. Pissarro’s stylization of the figures lends them a timeless quality and imbues his carefully developed compositions with universal meaning. The themes evoked by the harvest pictures are continued in lively market scenes in which women offer their agricultural produce for sale. Like the ideal of rural life, the balanced relationship between production and consumption corresponds to Pissarro’s anarchist convictions."},"coverImage":"685ad2489dc10a4724507b04","3dModel":"685ac8889dc10a472450731b","startPoint":{"sweepId":"2f18e44203a8442aa9d0f99737de7467","rotation":{"x":-0.22,"y":-92.1}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"c279288a3d4b429cadafd09233d767be","rotation":{"x":4.89,"y":90.49}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.79,"z":1.33},"position":{"x":13.62,"y":1.87,"z":-5.23,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"685929faef4a7e11c6cf295d","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ac8889dc10a472450731b","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd715"}],"title":{"de":"Gemeinschaft auf dem Land","en":"Rural Community"},"subtitle":{"de":"Ernte- und Marktszenen","en":"Harvest and Market Scenes"}},{"hall":"1A4","description":{"de":"1884 bezog Camille Pissarro mit seiner Familie ein Haus in Éragny-sur-Epte, wo neben Bildern der unmittelbaren Umgebung und der Nachbarorte zahlreiche Ansichten seines Gartens entstanden. Der von seiner Frau Julie bewirtschaftete Nutzgarten war jahrelang Existenzgrundlage der Familie, bis diese von den Gemäldeverkäufen Pissarros leben konnte. In den Bildern, die der Künstler ab dem 1893 erfolgten Umbau der Scheune zum Atelier oft vom Fenster aus malte, ist vielfach Julie Pissarro bei der Gartenarbeit zu sehen. Die Wiedergabe der aktiven Gestaltung der Natur unterscheidet Pissarros Szenen von Motiven anderer Impressionisten, die Landschaft vor allem als Freizeitraum des Bürgertums und Objekt ästhetischen Genusses darstellten. Pissarros Arbeit im Atelier stellte einen wichtigen Schritt im künstlerischen Prozess dar, in dem er en plein air festgehaltene Motive auf das Wesentliche reduzierte und zu dekorativen Kompositionen entwickelte.","en":"In 1884, Camille Pissarro and his family moved into a house in Éragny-sur-Epte, where he painted not only the surrounding landscape and the neighboring villages but also numerous views of his garden. For years, the vegetable garden cultivated by his wife, Julie Pissarro, was essential to the family’s support until they could live from the sale of Pissarro’s paintings. After converting the barn into a studio in 1893, the artist frequently painted the garden from the window, often depicting Julie at work. Pissarro’s portrayal of the active shaping of nature distinguishes his scenes from the motifs of other Impressionists, who showed the landscape primarily as the site of bourgeois leisure activities and as an object of aesthetic enjoyment. Pissarro’s studio work marked an important stage in his artistic process, during which he reduced motifs captured en plein air to their essentials and developed them into decorative compositions."},"coverImage":"685ad2599dc10a4724507b46","3dModel":"685ac8a29dc10a472450735d","startPoint":{"sweepId":"e3ae5269457d43fda2f73a406969878d","rotation":{"x":-0.29,"y":-89.85}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"34d42cadb2054b908903276a263f3b04","rotation":{"x":8.86,"y":89.82}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.91,"z":1.4},"position":{"x":28.82,"y":1.87,"z":1.81,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68592a6cef4a7e11c6cf295e","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ac8a29dc10a472450735d","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd716"}],"title":{"de":"Blick in den Garten","en":"Garden Views"},"subtitle":{"de":"Das Atelier in Éragny-sur-Epte","en":"The Studio in Éragny-sur-Epte"}},{"hall":"1A5","description":{"de":"Nachdem Camille Pissarro 1885 die jüngeren Kollegen Georges Seurat und Paul Signac kennengelernt hatte, griff er ihre auf neuesten Entwicklungen der Farbtheorie basierende Technik des Divisionismus auf: In kleinen Tupfen auf die Leinwand aufgebracht, sollten sich die Farben nicht mehr auf der Palette, sondern im Auge des Betrachters mischen, um eine stärkere Leuchtkraft zu erzeugen. Pissarro zielte darauf, in seinen Bildern Gegensätze wie Wärme und Kälte oder Licht und Schatten zu einem harmonischen Ganzen zu verbinden. Die Neoimpressionisten strebten „die moderne Synthese“ an. Die Technik war allerdings sehr aufwendig, sodass sich damit weniger Bilder produzieren ließen, und eignete sich nicht für das rasche Festhalten eines unmittelbaren Eindrucks. Daher gab der Künstler ihre strenge Anwendung um 1890 wieder auf. Der Übergang war jedoch fließend – ein Farbauftrag in kurzen Strichen findet sich auch in späteren Werken.","en":"After the encounter with his younger fellow painters Georges Seurat and Paul Signac in 1885, Camille Pissarro adopted their technique, which was based on the newest developments in color theory. The paint was applied to the canvas in small dots, allowing the colors to mix not on the palette but in the eye of the beholder, thereby evoking a greater sense of luminosity. In his paintings, Pissarro sought to unite opposites such as warmth and cold or light and shadow into a harmonious whole in accord with the Neo-Impressionist quest for “a modern synthesis.” The technique was very laborious, limiting the number of pictures that could be produced and making it unsuitable for quickly capturing fleeting impressions. Pissarro therefore abandoned its strict use around 1890. However, the transition was gradual—short brushstrokes continued to appear in his later works."},"coverImage":"685ad26d9dc10a4724507b7e","3dModel":"685fa495f5c4cef12a03b13f","startPoint":{"sweepId":"beac69856c984b6ba9e3a9c26b188efd","rotation":{"x":-0.2,"y":65.75}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"e317e089ecb1466e82a30bbdb40d11cd","rotation":{"x":9.2,"y":-89.34}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.91,"z":1.4},"position":{"x":-4.5,"y":1.9,"z":-3.89,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68592acdef4a7e11c6cf295f","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685fa495f5c4cef12a03b13f","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd717"}],"title":{"de":"Harmonie der Gegensätze","en":"A Harmony of Opposites"},"subtitle":{"de":"Neoimpressionistische Bilder","en":"Neo-Impressionist Paintings"}},{"hall":"Lel","description":{"de":"Alles fließt in Camille Pissarros Bildern von Paris: Menschen verschiedener sozialer Schichten, die sich zu Fuß und in Fuhrwerken fortbewegen, sind zentraler Bestandteil seiner Stadtlandschaften. Seinen anarchistischen Überzeugungen entsprechend, stellte Pissarro sowohl die Menge als auch das Individuum im modernen Gefüge der Metropole dar. Die Serien, die der Künstler zwischen 1893 und 1903 in der Hauptstadt schuf, zeigen Panoramen aus anonymer Distanz. Pissarro verstand sich als Beobachter, nicht als Bewohner der Metropole. In unterschiedlichen Lichtstimmungen malte er Motive wie den Boulevard Montmartre, den Pont Neuf, die Place du Théâtre Français – die anderen als hässlich galt, für Pissarro aber der Inbegriff von Modernität war – sowie die Seine und den Louvre. Sein Galerist Paul Durand-Ruel ermunterte ihn zu solchen Darstellungen, für die sich progressive Sammler begeistern ließen.","en":"In Camille Pissarro’s images of Paris, all is in flux: crowds of people of different social classes, moving along on foot and in carriages, are a central element of his cityscapes. In line with his anarchist convictions, Pissarro depicted both the crowd and the individual within the fabric of the modern metropolis. The series the artist created in the capital city between 1893 and 1903 show panoramas viewed from an anonymous distance. Pissarro understood himself as an observer of the metropolis, not as an inhabitant. In varying atmospheres of light, he depicted motifs such as the Boulevard Montmartre, the Pont Neuf, and the Place du Théâtre Français—which some considered ugly, but which for Pissarro was the epitome of modernity—as well as the Seine and the Louvre. His dealer Paul Durand-Ruel encouraged him to paint such scenes, which became popular among progressive collectors."},"coverImage":"685ad28f9dc10a4724507bc5","3dModel":"685ad29e9dc10a4724507bfb","startPoint":{"sweepId":"a668b34dbf6147e18a330f11ba72ee27","rotation":{"x":1.21,"y":-179.9}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"d41ec7b0cee3497a8b7de13d4b27c1b1","rotation":{"x":-2.81,"y":-1.4}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.44,"y":1.63,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":-7.1,"y":1.68,"z":4.39,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68592b3aef4a7e11c6cf2960","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ad29e9dc10a4724507bfb","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd718"}],"title":{"de":"Menschen in der Stadt","en":"City People"},"subtitle":{"de":"Paris-Serien","en":"Paris Series"}},{"hall":"1B5","description":{"de":"In seinen letzten Lebensjahren schuf Pissarro mehrere Bilderserien von Hafenstädten in der Normandie. In Rouen, Dieppe und Le Havre mietete er sich in Hotels am Hafen ein, um vom Fenster aus das geschäftige Treiben der Reisenden und Schaulustigen sowie der Arbeiter beim Be- und Entladen der Schiffe festzuhalten. Unter wechselnden Wetterbedingungen fing Pissarro die lebhafte Atmosphäre und die durchaus poetischen Qualitäten der modernen Industrielandschaften ein. Dabei zielte er darauf, das Verhältnis von Himmel, Boden und Wasser in einer harmonischen Form zu erfassen. Mit diesen Szenen, in denen das Thema des internationalen Handels anklingt, schließt sich der Kreis zu Pissarros künstlerischen Anfängen auf Saint Thomas, wo die doppelte Perspektive des Kaufmannssohns und des angehenden Malers seinen spezifischen Blick auf den Ort des Hafens formte.","en":"In the final years of his life, Pissarro painted multiple series showing ports in Normandy. In Rouen, Dieppe, and Le Havre, he rented rooms in portside hotels in order to paint the bustle of travelers and sightseers from the window, as well as the workers loading and unloading the ships. Under changing weather conditions, Pissarro captured the lively atmosphere and distinctly poetic qualities of the modern industrial landscape. In doing so, he sought to capture the connection between sky, ground and water in a harmonious form. The theme of international trade resonates in these images, bringing us full circle to Pissarro’s artistic beginnings on Saint Thomas, where his double perspective as a merchant’s son and aspiring painter formed his unique awareness of the harbor as a place."},"coverImage":"685ad2b09dc10a4724507c30","3dModel":"685ac8ef9dc10a472450741c","startPoint":{"sweepId":"05fc27f0682645b391b5c539d5d415c9","rotation":{"x":-0.68,"y":-174.66}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"81fc6695f56c4dfcaa10abcc73ab4dcd","rotation":{"x":3.73,"y":90.78}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.82,"z":1.44},"position":{"x":-11.79,"y":1.9,"z":33.12,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"68592b73ef4a7e11c6cf2961","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"685ac8ef9dc10a472450741c","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd719"}],"title":{"de":"Motoren des Fortschritts","en":"Motors of Progress"},"subtitle":{"de":"Serien von Hafenstädten in der Normandie","en":"Normandy Port 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Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs 1914 kehrte Kandinsky aus München nach Moskau zurück, wo bereits erste konstruktivistische Werke entstanden waren. Künstlerinnen und Künstler arbeiteten mit Linien und geometrischen Flächen, um eine universelle Bildsprache zu schaffen, die Modernität und Fortschritt ausdrückte. Nach 1917 unterstützte der neue Staat für kurze Zeit die avantgardistische Kunstform, um revolutionäre Ideale zu fördern. Dabei spielte Kandinsky eine zentrale Rolle. Als Gründungsdirektor eines staatlichen Forschungszentrums untersuchte er die psychologische Wirkung von Kunst. Die Konstruktivisten stellten ihre Arbeit in den Dienst der industriellen Produktion. Kandinskys Beharren auf dem Geistigen machte ihn zu einem Außenseiter. 1922 kehrte er nach Deutschland zurück; seine danach entstandenen Werke spiegeln den Einfluss der geometrischen Bildsprache seiner Moskauer Kollegen wider.","en":"After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Kandinsky returned from Munich to Moscow, where the first Constructivist artworks had already emerged. 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Er begann, eine geometrische Bildsprache zu entwickeln. In seinem Punkt und Linie zu Fläche untersuchte er 1926 die Elemente der Kunst und ihre emotionale Wirkung. Der Fokus auf Farbe und Form prägte den Unterricht am Bauhaus. Die Betonung geometrischer Formen beeinflusste nicht nur die Malerei, sondern auch Gestaltung und Produktdesign. Schlichtheit, Funktionalität und Massenproduktion galten als Grundlage einer modernen, demokratischen Gesellschaft. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs initiierte der ehemalige Bauhaus-Schüler Max Bill in Zürich die Konkrete Kunst. Sie zeichnet sich durch kräftige Farben und logisch strukturierte Kompositionen aus. Der Begriff „konkret\" betont noch stärker als „abstrakt\", dass die Werke keinen Bezug zur gegenständlichen Welt","en":"As a teacher at the Bauhaus, founded in Weimar in 1919, Kandinsky continued to develop his theories alongside other avant-garde artists. He developed a geometric visual language. In his 1926 book Point and Line to Plane, he explored the fundamental elements of art and their emotional resonance. The Bauhaus curriculum was shaped by a focus on color and form. The emphasis on geometric shapes influenced not only painting but also design and industrial production. Simplicity, functionality, and mass production were regarded as the corner-stones of a modern, democratic society. During World War II, Max Bill, a former Bauhaus student, initiated the Concrete Art movement in Zurich. This style is characterized by bold colors and logically structured compositions. 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Er schloss sich der Gruppe Abstraction-Création an, einem internationalen Forum für Abstraktion. Viele Künstlerinnen und Künstler flohen vor politischer Verfolgung nach Paris. Unter dem Einfluss des Surrealismus nahm Kandinsky biomorphe Formen in seine Werke auf. Die Dominanz der Gruppe, die sich mit dem Unbewussten beschäftigte, führte bei vielen Mitgliedern von Abstraction-Création zu einem Wandel: Starre Gitterstrukturen wichen spielerischen Kompositionen und organischen Formen. Kandinsky blieb bis zu seinem Tod 1944 in Frankreich. Ungeachtet der Dramatik des Zweiten Weltkriegs suchte er weiterhin in der Kunst eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Spirituellen. Viele seiner Kollegen, die aus Europa flohen, kehrten nie nach Paris zurück. Der 1946 für die abstrakte Kunst gegründete Salon des Réalités Nouvelles sollte die Pariser Kunstszene neu beleben.","en":"After the forced closure of the Bauhaus by the Nazi regime in 1933, Kandinsky emigrated to France. 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In 1946, the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles was founded to promote abstract art and revitalize the Parisian art scene."},"coverImage":"67b6f5365c358fca3f060195","3dModel":"67ca368a727202766076e660","startPoint":{"sweepId":"73838a78eb91461aa9733db5a53b5376","rotation":{"x":-6,"y":-91.65}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"5322edb5dddb4dbfbca7304581965393","rotation":{"x":9.44,"y":-0.79}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":2.19,"y":1.36,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":26.11,"y":9.39,"z":-4.63,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"id":"67b5dbebb8ecad4268b416d7","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"67ca368a727202766076e660","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd71d"}],"title":{"de":"Fließende Formen","en":"Flowing Forms"},"subtitle":{"de":"Internationale Abstraktion in Paris","en":"International Abstraction in Paris"},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[]},{"hall":"1A5","description":{"de":"Vor der drohenden Kriegsgefahr flohen in den späten 1930er Jahren viele Künstlerinnen und Künstler nach Großbritannien. Die Metropole London, in der etwa Mondrian, Moholy-Nagy und Gabo Exil fanden, bevor sie in die USA emigrierten, wurde zu einem Zentrum der geometrischen Abstraktion. Kontakte zu britischen Künstlern wie Hepworth und Nicholson bestanden bereits durch die Pariser Gruppe Abstraction-Création. Noch vor den Bombenangriffen auf London 1940 zogen Hepworth und Nicholson zur Künstlerkolonie von St. Ives in Cornwall. Sie setzten ihre Arbeit an Reliefs und Skulpturen fort, mit denen sie die geometrische Abstraktion in die Räumlichkeit überführten. Farben und Formen der Küstenland-schaft inspirierten sie. Nach Kriegsende gründete sich in London die Gruppe der Constructionists. In ihren Reliefs, die wie Objekte der Industrieproduktion der 1950er Jahre wirken, verwendeten sie auch neue, synthetische Materialien. Sie reflektieren Optimismus und Modernisierung des Wiederaufbaus.","en":"In the late 1930s, as the threat of war loomed many artists fled to Great Britain. London became a center for geometric abstraction, with exiled artists such as Mondrian, Moholy-Nagy, and Gabo finding refuge there before emigrating to the United States. Connections to British artists like Hepworth and Nicholson had already been established through the Paris-based group Abstraction-Création. Even before the bombing of London in 1940, Hepworth and Nicholson moved to the artist colony in St. Ives, Cornwall. There, they continued their work on reliefs and sculptures, adapting geometric abstraction into three-dimensional forms. They were inspired by the colors and shapes of the coastal landscape. After the war, the Constructionists group formed in London. Their reliefs, which resemble industrial objects of the 1950s, incorporated new synthetic materials. These works reflected the optimism and modernization of postwar reconstruction."},"coverImage":"67b6f6085c358fca3f060244","3dModel":"67ca36a1727202766076e6a2","startPoint":{"sweepId":"1ccb4385d7e941329a07d7ac1d498b44","rotation":{"x":-4.16,"y":57.6}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"289ab6990a8743beb5beba01bd127d5c","rotation":{"x":12.44,"y":-88.94}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.54,"z":1.95},"position":{"x":-8.93,"y":9.43,"z":2.73,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"id":"67b5dc24b8ecad4268b416d9","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"67ca36a1727202766076e6a2","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd71e"}],"title":{"de":"Harmonie der Kräfte","en":"Balanced Forces"},"subtitle":{"de":"Konstruktivistische Utopien in der britischen Kunst","en":"Constructivist Utopias in British Art"},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[]},{"hall":"Lel","description":{"de":"In den 1960er Jahren wandte sich die geometrische Abstraktion in den USA dem monumentalen Format zu. Sie setzte auf klare Grundformen, scharfe Konturen und leuchtende Farben. Damit entfernten sich Künstlerinnen und Künstler von der expressiven Malweise, die in den 1950er Jahren die amerikanische Kunstszene dominiert hatte. In Washington entwickelte eine Gruppe um Kenneth Noland besondere Techniken: Sie gossen oder zogen verdünnte Farben großflächig über die Leinwand. Dabei experimentierten sie mit der psychologischen Wirkung von Farben und ihren Kombinationen. New Yorker Künstler wie Al Held und Frank Stella mieden expressiven Farbauftrag. In ihrem Hard Edge genannten Stil beziehen sich Farbe und Form nur auf sich selbst. Sie reflektierten die geometrische Abstraktion der Vorkriegszeit, jedoch ohne utopische Ideen zu verfolgen. Trotz der Ablehnung narrativer Elemente deuten Titel, Kompositionen und Farbkontraste oft auf kulturelle oder persönliche Kontexte hin.","en":"In the 1960s, geometric abstraction in the United States turned to monumental formats. Artists focused on basic shapes, sharp contours, and vibrant colors, moving away from the expressive painting that had dominated the American art scene in the 1950s. In Washington, a group around Kenneth Noland developed special techniques: they poured or dragged diluted paints over large areas of the canvas, experimenting with the psychological effects of colors and their combinations. New York artists like Al Held and Frank Stella avoided expressive brushwork. In their style, known as Hard Edge, color and form refer only to themselves. They reflected the geometric abstraction of the prewar era but without pursuing utopian ideas. Despite the rejection of narrative elements, often titles, compositions, and color contrasts hint at cultural or personal contexts."},"coverImage":"67b6f66a5c358fca3f0602e0","3dModel":"67ca36b5727202766076e6e3","startPoint":{"sweepId":"9cd9c40f56e04c91a211b6aba3ab484f","rotation":{"x":-2.13,"y":179.07}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"9c3ae8adbe0042ed8bf90e81de8900b2","rotation":{"x":17.88,"y":-0.17}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.71,"y":1.2,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":-17.24,"y":9.4,"z":6.66,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"id":"67b5dc61b8ecad4268b416db","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"67ca36b5727202766076e6e3","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd71f"}],"title":{"de":"Kraft der Farbe","en":"The Power of Color"},"subtitle":{"de":"Hard-Edge-Malerei","en":"Hard Edge Painting"},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[]},{"hall":"1B5","description":{"de":"Klare Linien, industrielle Materialien und eine reduzierte Farbigkeit prägen den Minimalismus. Die Formulierung seiner Merkmale in Donald Judds Text „Spezifische Objekte\" von 1964 machte den neuen Stil greifbar. In den 1970er Jahren folgten zahlreiche Künstlerinnen und Künstler in den USA und Europa dem Minimalismus. Statt auf Emotion oder Symbolik zu setzen, fordern minimalistische Werke dazu auf, Nuancen wahrzunehmen: das subtile Zusammenspiel von Licht und Schatten auf einer Oberfläche, die Textur der Materialien oder die veränderliche Beziehung zwischen Objekt und Raum, wenn der Betrachter sich bewegt. Der Minimalismus distanzierte sich von der Idee der Einzigartigkeit des Kunstwerks und verbarg die Spuren handwerklicher Bearbeitung. Manche Künstler ließen ihre Werke sogar industriell produzieren. Leinwände wurden nicht als Bildträger, sondern als Objekte behandelt - Nägel erzeugen plastische Strukturen, Gitter überlagern sich, Kanten sind bemalt.","en":"Clear lines, industrial materials, and a reduced color palette define Minimalism. In his 1964 text \"Specific Objects,\" Donald Judd articulated the characteristics of this new style. Throughout the 1970s, numerous artists in the United States and Europe embraced Minimalism. Rather than focusing on emotion or symbolism, Minimalist works invite viewers to perceive subtle nuances: the interplay of light and shadow on a surface, the texture of materials, or the shifting relationship between object and space as the observer moves. Minimalism distanced itself from the notion of the artwork's uniqueness and concealed traces of manual craftsmanship. Some artists even opted for industrial production of their works. Canvases were treated not as image carriers but as objects-nails form three-dimensional structures, grids overlap, and edges are painted."},"coverImage":"67b6f6ad5c358fca3f060338","3dModel":"67ca36c8727202766076e724","startPoint":{"sweepId":"9d3674e8005a49e59c38b1b3e45d41c3","rotation":{"x":-4.15,"y":178.27}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"ee560ed447c84f76af286387891615e7","rotation":{"x":13.49,"y":90.05}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.39,"z":1.57},"position":{"x":-16.22,"y":9.48,"z":35.46,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"id":"67b5dcb1b8ecad4268b416dd","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"67ca36c8727202766076e724","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd720"}],"title":{"de":"Essenz der Form","en":"The Essence of Form"},"subtitle":{"de":"Transatlantischer Minimalismus","en":"Transatlantic Minimalism"},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[]},{"hall":"0B1","description":{"de":"Die Kunst der Optical Art - kurz Op-Art - fordert die visuelle Wahrnehmung heraus. Muster auf einer zweidimensionalen Bildfläche scheinen sich zu bewegen oder räumlich hervorzutreten. Dieser Illusionismus macht das Sehen zu einem aktiven Erlebnis. Bereits Malewitsch und Kandinsky hatten in den 1910er und 1920er Jahren in ihren Gemälden mit geometrischen Elementen experimentiert, die schwebend oder dynamisch erscheinen. Die Op-Art knüpfte daran an. Sie nutzte die am Bauhaus erarbeiteten Erkenntnisse der Wirkung von Farben und Formen und überführte sie in die von Technologie, Raumfahrt und dem Flimmern des Fernsehbildschirms geprägte Ästhetik der 1960er Jahre. Kunst, die mit optischen Effekten spielte, entstand unabhängig an verschiedenen Orten. Als Stil wurde sie erst 1965 mit der Ausstellung The Responsive Eye im Museum of Modern Art in New York erkannt.","en":"Optical Art—Op Art for short-challenges visual perception. Patterns on a two-dimensional surface appear to move or protrude, creating an illusion that turns seeing into an active experience. As early as the 1910s and 1920s, artists like Malevich and Kandinsky had experimented with geometric elements that seem to float or appear dynamic. Op Art built on this foundation. It drew on the insights of color and form effects developed at the Bauhaus, translating them for the 1960s aesthetic, which was shaped by technology, space exploration, and the flicker of television screens. Art that played with optical effects emerged independently in various places. It was only recognized as a distinct style in 1965 with the exhibition The Responsive Eye at the Museum of Modern Art in New York."},"coverImage":"67b6f6e85c358fca3f060396","3dModel":"67ca3727727202766076e81c","startPoint":{"sweepId":"f4e96c0760ec4c1b905de55dae875735","rotation":{"x":-2.54,"y":-90.03}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"261234ea1b524a15bab7669f14a2fa22","rotation":{"x":12.48,"y":-0.8}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.64,"y":1.24,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":18.1,"y":1.99,"z":25.62,"exhibitionDependent":[]}}}},"id":"67b5dcffb8ecad4268b416df","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"67ca3727727202766076e81c","id":"6aca73fa68d1600001dcd721"}],"title":{"de":"Space Age","en":"Space Age"},"subtitle":{"de":"Op-Art der 1960er Jahre","en":"Op Art in the Sixties"},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[]},{"hall":"0B2","description":{"de":"Die amerikanischen Op-Art-Künstler Richard Anuszkiewicz und Julian Stanczak waren Schüler des ehemaligen Bauhaus-Lehrers Josef Albers. Dieser war 1933 in die USA emigriert, wo er mit der Serie Huldigung an das Quadrat die Farb-und Formforschungen fortsetzte, die er am Bauhaus neben Kandinsky begonnen hatte. Seine quadratischen Kompositionen gelten als Vorläufer der Op-Art. Seine beiden Schüler griffen Albers' Schema des Quadrats auf. Auch sie untersuchten, wie Farben je nach ihrer Kombination hervorzutreten oder zurückzuweichen scheinen, opak oder transparent wirken. Sie führten jedoch grellere Farben und stärkere Kontraste ein, die intensive Effekte erzeugen und die Grenzen der Wahrnehmung ausreizen.","en":"The American Op Artists Richard Anuszkiewicz and Julian Stanczak were students of the former Bauhaus teacher Josef Albers. Albers had emigrated to the United States in 1933, where he began his series Homage to the Square. These geometric compositions continued the research on color and form, which he had begun at the Bauhaus alongside Kandinsky—they are considered precursors to Op Art. Both students adopted Albers' square framework. Like him, they explored how colors can seem opaque or transparent, and appear to advance or recede depending on their combination. 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Jahrhunderts erlebte die Kunst einen tiefgreifenden Wandel. Künstlerinnen und Künstler gaben nicht mehr das Sichtbare wieder. Vor dem Hintergrund von Industrialisierung, Revolutionen und wissenschaftlichen Entdeckungen erhielten die künstlerischen Elemente Farbe sowie Punkt, Linie und Fläche neue Bedeutungskraft. Sie sind die Komponenten der geometrischen Abstraktion. Ihr Vorreiter war Wassily Kandinsky, der mit seinen Schriften ihre theoretischen Grundlagen legte. Kosmos Kandinsky. Geometrische Abstraktion im 20. Jahrhundert spannt einen Bogen von den 1910er bis in die 1970er Jahre und beleuchtet den Einfluss Kandinskys durch seine Kunst, seine Theorie und sein Netzwerk. Die Ausstellung zeigt, wie die geometrische Abstraktion - auch durch erzwungenes Exil vieler Künstler - in Europa und den USA zur universellen Bildsprache wurde. 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Von Steinbrüchen in der Normandie wurde das Material für die Boulevards und die neuen Quartiere in der rasant wachsenden Metropole verschifft. Neben Getreide und Gemüse aus dem Pariser Umland brachten Lastkähne Muscheln, Textilien und andere Konsumgüter zum Verkauf in der Stadt. Daneben war die Seine auch Schauplatz des modernen Segelsports und Ausflugsziel erholungs-suchender Städter, die mit der Eisenbahn in die Vororte gelangten - Aspekte des modernen Lebens, die die Impressionisten wie selbstverständlich in ihre Landschaftsbilder integrierten.","en":"The Impressionists developed their repertoire of motifs through the landscapes along the Seine. Working outdoors and focusing on the here and now, they renounced the anecdotal elements that characterized earlier landscape painting. They sharpened their skills of observation on the reflecting surfaces of the Seine. 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Besides grain and vegetables from the surrounding countryside, barges transported mussels, textiles, and other goods to be sold to urban consumers. The Seine was also the scene of modern sailing sports and a destination for day-trippers from the city, who reached the suburbs by train. These were aspects of modern life that the Impressionists integrated into their landscape paintings as a matter of course."},"coverImage":"67b6feec5c358fca3f0608ec","3dModel":"67cae5520aa4f91dd2e19358","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98bfcbb42ed4293e293a9","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb0"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"b94e0753bc874be6871095f7a74b2b98","rotation":{"x":-3.198625977050304,"y":-89.58411633330434}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.72,"y":1.96,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":22.441025447270306,"y":-5.453227445244186,"z":23.26708578107041,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"67b343f28635bba96e329739","position":{"x":17.98,"y":9.22,"z":25.64},"id":"688e2b600e9aa1b4d8540d1c"},{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":22.5,"y":1.78,"z":23.25},"id":"688e2c2a0e9aa1b4d8540d1d"},{"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","position":{"x":22.479620200247677,"y":-5.479990490310241,"z":23.26708578107041},"id":"69bd239172d5786b609cf2de"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"84d871ba5bd74725970e2ed4854581da","rotation":{"x":2.589379205785266,"y":0.5620476677299462}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.64,"y":-7.51,"z":-2.34,"id":"6929544f208b8c4c6ec7b4e5"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3587,"y":-7.4989,"z":-2.2513,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe951"}],"id":"67b6faea3f862b6f010e2388"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"1B4","title":{"de":"Paris und die Peripherie","en":"Paris and the Periphery"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Die Impressionisten beobachteten das Leben auf den Boulevards, in den Kaffeehäusern und Parks. Gewaltige Umbaumaßnahmen hatten die Hauptstadt seit den 1850er Jahren verändert. Im Auftrag Kaiser Napoleons III. hatte Baron Haussmann die Stadt zu einer modernen Metropole umgestaltet: mit monumentalen Sichtachsen und Schneisen für den wachsenden Verkehr, mit neuen Grünanlagen, riesigen Markthallen, Bahnhöfen und Theatern. Gleichförmige Fassaden und Baumreihen, Gaslaternen, Litfaßsäulen, Cafés und Geschäfte säumten die Straßen. Paris war die Stadt mit den nach London meisten Einwohnern. Von 1850 bis 1870 verdoppelte sich deren Anzahl auf zwei Millionen. Neue Straßenzüge führten in die Peripherie. Die Vororte wuchsen durch den Zuzug von Handwerkern und Angestellten, die den steigenden Mieten im Zentrum entgehen wollten. Anders als in London, wo die Arbeiterschaft im Zentrum lebte, entstanden um Paris mit der Industrialisierung die Banlieues. Seit den 1860er Jahren fuhren die erholungssuchenden Pariser mit der Eisenbahn in weniger als fünf Stunden an die Küste der Normandie. In Étretat und Trouville waren Seebäder nach englischem Vorbild entstanden. Anders als im 18. Jahrhundert, als sich der Adel in Kurorten mit Heilquellen, Thermalbädern und Parks erholte, zogen die zum offenen Meer ausgerichteten Badeorte zahllose Touristen an - unter ihnen die Künstler und ihre Sammler.","en":"The Impressionists observed life on the boulevards, in cafés and parks. Massive construction work had transformed the capital since the 1850s. In the service of Napoleon III, Baron Haussmann had turned the city into a modern metropolis with monumental avenues and thoroughfares for the growing traffic, boasting new parks, enormous market halls, train stations, and theaters. Uniform façades and rows of trees, gas lanterns, advertising columns, cafés, and shops lined the streets. After London, Paris was the largest city in the world. Between 1850 and 1870 the population doubled to two million inhabitants. New streets connected the city with the periphery. The suburbs grew when blue- and white-collar workers moved there in search of alternatives to the high rents in the city center. Unlike in London, where the workers lived downtown, in Paris the banlieues were created through industrialization. Since the 1860s Parisians who were looking for recreation were able to travel by railroad to the coast of Normandy in less than five hours. In Étretat and Trouville there were resorts in the style of English baths. Unlike during the eighteenth century, when only the nobility went to spas to take the waters, bathe in hot springs, and relax in parks, countless tourists were drawn to the resorts on the seaside, including the artists and their collectors."},"coverImage":"67b6fea75c358fca3f060891","3dModel":"67caf14d0aa4f91dd2e19be7","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c02bb42ed4293e293bb","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb1"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"9157c44f0845461090806650fae0f4fb","rotation":{"x":-4.368376621908027,"y":-91.36761041006801}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.72,"y":1.96,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":36.34514881438148,"y":-5.3412864270067395,"z":32.87079938585636,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":36.51,"y":1.89,"z":32.78},"id":"688e454d7080e41820ff4559"},{"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","position":{"x":36.34514881438148,"y":-5.3412864270067395,"z":32.87079938585636},"id":"69bd24a872d5786b609cf2df"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"38d7a963530147c8ba619655596ea983","rotation":{"x":5.7914495710074805,"y":179.11581997411366}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.58,"y":-7.55,"z":-2.34,"id":"6929668036d45c4158d58e1e"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3349,"y":-7.6066,"z":-2.2815,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe952"}],"id":"67b6fbb03f862b6f010e238a"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2B6","title":{"de":"Ein neuer Realismus","en":"A New Realism"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Die Motive der Impressionisten sind betont unspektakulär: Kornfelder, Pappelreihen, Feldwege und Wiesen. In den Feldern an ihren Wohnorten fingen sie für ihr Pariser Publikum Aspekte französischer Landschaft ein, die weder nostalgischen noch nationalen Klischees entsprachen. Lebendig werden ihre neuartigen Naturausschnitte durch die bewegte Pinselführung. So offen die Malweise auch ist, so exakt ist doch die Topographie wiedergegeben. Wege versinnbildlichen nicht mehr den Lauf des Lebens wie in der klassischen Landschaftsmalerei, sondern laden die Betrachter ein, Licht und Luft, Tages- und Jahreszeiten mit allen Sinnen zu empfinden. Als Städter nahmen die Künstler das agrarisch geprägte Frankreich mit anderen Augen wahr als die Bauern ihr Ackerland. Während Camille Pissarro und Alfred Sisley sich in ihren Bildern mit der Landbevölkerung in Beziehung setzten, inszenierte Claude Monet sich und seine Familie als Außenstehende. Seine Bilder zeigen das landschaftliche Umfeld Givernys ohne die Arbeit der ansässigen Bauern in den Blick zu nehmen. Mit wechselnden Licht- und Wetter-bedingungen erfassten die Maler atmosphärische Erscheinungen, wie sie die Wissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert erforschte. Auch die Künstler setzten auf genaue Beobachtung der Phänomene. Dabei entstand keine willkürliche Stimmungsmalerei, sondern ein Protokoll unmittelbaren Erlebens: jeder Pinselstrich eine Information.","en":"The motifs of the Impressionists are adamantly unspectacular: fields of wheat, rows of poplars, forest paths, and meadows. In the fields near their homes, they recorded aspects of the French landscape that did not correspond to nostalgic or national clichés. Their new modern views of nature come alive through animated brushstrokes. Despite the openness of their painting style, their depiction of topography is precise. Paths, for example, instead of symbolizing the course of life as in classic landscape painting, now invite viewers to experience the light, air, times of day, and seasons with all of their senses. As people from the city, the Impressionists perceived France's agrarian tradition in a different way than the farmers saw their land. While Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley engaged with rural people in their pictures, Claude Monet staged himself and his family as outsiders. His paintings show the rural environment of Giverny without directly depicting the work of the local farmers. In changing light and weather conditions the painters captured atmospheric phenomena of the sort that nineteenth-century scientists researched. The artists, too, strove for an exact observation of phenomena. Rather than painting random atmospheric effects, they created protocols of direct experience: each brushstroke a piece of information."},"coverImage":"67b6fdd95c358fca3f0607bb","3dModel":"67caea9a0aa4f91dd2e196f7","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69cea5ca70c4a99939b3a7b2","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","id":"69cea5b4a9f9cb7f5e8a3dd9"},{"glbFile":"6aca6738af3802bc375cb4d1","id":"6aca6742af3802bc375cb4e0"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"57e7e4f42db341b39a2bbc4b5b4f34e5","rotation":{"x":-9.680895730073015,"y":-88.64976691074105}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.71,"y":1.63,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":22.511528540044413,"y":1.7300481240878167,"z":23.28855454980808,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":22.58,"y":9.17,"z":23.28},"id":"68909e0b55609b65edca8c53"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"2cdbdab184934c26985cebf84d7d746c","rotation":{"x":6.6548849019929035,"y":0.4648490428018768}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.53,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.31,"id":"6929671636d45c4158d58e20"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3788,"y":-7.5149,"z":-2.2826,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe953"}],"id":"67b6fbcf3f862b6f010e238c"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2B7","title":{"de":"Moderne am Meer","en":"Modernity by the Sea"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Frankreich war keine Seefahrer-nation. Doch gewannen die Küsten der Bretagne und der Normandie im Lauf des 19. Jahrhunderts an Bedeutung. Le Havre, wo Eugène Boudin und Claude Monet ihre ersten Malkampagnen starteten, war nach Marseille der zweitgrößte französische Hafen. Schon zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts waren hier die Baumwollschiffe aus der Neuen Welt angekommen. Der oft archaisch anmutende Charakter der Hafenstädte mit ihren Segelschiffen täuscht, denn sie hatten ihre Wirtschaft bereits von der vorindustriellen Produktion auf moderne Dienstleistungen umgestellt. Um dem expandierenden Handel gerecht zu werden, wurden französische Häfen nach dem Vorbild der Londoner Docks umgebaut. Auch Le Havre rüstete sich für immer größere Dampfschiffe: 1872 wurde damit begonnen, den von Boudin und Monet dargestellten Außenhafen mit einer neuen Kaimauer auszubauen. Impressionistische Hafendarstellungen dienten nicht wie die Marinemalerei Englands und der Niederlande dazu, dem Nationalstolz auf die Flotte Ausdruck zu verleihen. Die Künstler ließen sich von Vorbildern der Alten Meister anregen und arbeiteten die Modernität der Hafenstädte heraus. Künstliche Beleuchtung zeigt den neuen Takt des Warenumschlags an. Intensivierung und Verdichtung zeigt auch Monets Malerei. In London hatte er, wie wenig später auch Berthe Morisot - die einzige Frau, die von Beginn an mit den Impressionisten ausstellte -, nicht nur die englischen Docks, sondern auch die dynamische Malerei William Turners kennen-gelernt.","en":"Although France was not a seafaring nation, the coasts of Brittany and Normandy gained importance over the course of the nineteenth century. Le Havre, where Eugène Boudin and Claude Monet started their first painting campaigns, was the second largest port in France after Marseille. Ships carrying cotton from the New World had been landing there since the early nineteenth century. The often archaic appearance of the ports with their sailboats is misleading, because they had already transformed their economy from preindustrial production to modern services. To keep up with the expanding trade, French harbors were rebuilt after the model of the London Docks. Le Havre also underwent modification to accommodate steamers of increasing size: in 1872 work was begun on the expansion of the outer harbor, which Boudin and Monet painted, with a new quay wall. Impressionist depictions of harbors did not serve the purpose of marine painting in England or the Netherlands, which was to express pride in the national fleet. The artists were inspired by works by the Old Masters and focused on the modernity of the ports. The new rhythm of cargo handling was illuminated by artificial lighting. Monet also intensified and consolidated what he saw. He had visited the Docks in London, where he had also come into contact with the dynamic paintings of William Turner, as Berthe Morisot (the only woman who exhibited with the Impressionists from the very beginning) would do soon after him."},"coverImage":"67b6fd9f5c358fca3f06075f","3dModel":"67caea810aa4f91dd2e196b1","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c07bb42ed4293e293c8","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb2"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"746bbec610d54a738089e95655a7bbaf","rotation":{"x":-1.7332663117722966,"y":-88.13002317384505}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.73,"y":1.78,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":36.295291715468736,"y":1.7431240139936892,"z":32.89291112944722,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":36.43,"y":9.06,"z":32.79},"id":"6890a8de55609b65edca8c54"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"71683e11979a448184ca83eced81a88b","rotation":{"x":4.7290422604697735,"y":-179.45780790657918}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.53,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.31,"id":"6929674836d45c4158d58e22"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.4157,"y":-7.5162,"z":-2.31,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe954"}],"id":"67b6fbe93f862b6f010e238e"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2B8","title":{"de":"Gartenbilder","en":"Garden Scenes"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Im 19. Jahrhundert entwickelte sich die Gartenkultur, ausgehend von England, zur Leidenschaft gebildeter Schichten. Auch das Interesse an importierten exotischen Pflanzen nahm zu. Die Impressionisten pflegten ihre Vorliebe für das Wandelbare auch im eigenen Garten und brachten mit diesem neuen Thema den Wechsel von Tages- und Jahreszeiten zur Anschauung. Claude Monets Schaffen ist untrennbar mit dem Wassergarten verbunden, den er in den 1890er Jahren anlegte und dessen Seerosenteich zum bestimmenden Motiv seines Spätwerks wurde. Doch bereits seit den 1870er Jahren setzte sich der begeisterte Hobbygärtner intensiv mit dem Thema der Hortikultur auseinander. Dieses Interesse teilte Monet mit Freunden wie Gustave Caillebotte, dem Schriftsteller Octave Mirbeau und dem Politiker Georges Clemenceau. Bei japanischen Händlern in Paris erwarben sie Blumenzwiebeln und -samen, aus denen sich die Farbenpracht ihrer Gärten entwickeln sollte. Mit Chrysanthemen züchteten sie eine Pflanze, die in Japan die Sonne symbolisiert. Caillebotte regte der Austausch mit Monet zu Stillleben mit Blumen des eigenen Gartens an. Künstlergärten wurden um die Jahrhundertwende aber auch ein wichtiges Thema, weil sie die Möglichkeit boten, Naturbilder mit Innenraumdarstellungen zu verbinden.","en":"In the nineteenth century, garden culture developed into a hobby of the educated classes after the English model. There was also an increase in the importation of exotic plants. In their own gardens the artists around Claude Monet cultivated their love for variability and sought to visualize the changing times of day and seasons through this new subject. Claude Monet's oeuvre is inextricably linked with the water garden he created in the 1890s and whose water-lily pond became the defining motif of his late work. But the enthusiastic amateur gardener had already been working intensively on the subject of horticulture since the 1870s. Monet shared his passion for designing gardens with friends including Gustave Caillebotte, the writer Octave Mirbeau, and the politician Georges Clemenceau. With flower bulbs and seeds purchased from Japanese merchants in Paris, they developed the rich coloring of their gardens. The chrysanthemums they cultivated, for example, symbolized the sun in Japan. Exchanges with Monet encouraged Caillebotte to paint still lifes with flowers from his own garden. Artist gardens were also an important topic at the turn of the century because they offered the possibility of combining images of nature with interiors."},"coverImage":"67b6fd5f5c358fca3f060704","3dModel":"67b6fd795c358fca3f060729","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c0bbb42ed4293e293d5","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb3"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"94bbacaebc824854b2ad8b880598d7de","rotation":{"x":6.75,"y":90.41}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.54,"z":1.69},"position":{"x":-4.527419331655285,"y":1.965678908391232,"z":25.299877878595325,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":-4.32,"y":9.17,"z":25.5},"id":"6890ae4355609b65edca8c55"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"b03fe40655134fd78b466764400fd1b1","rotation":{"x":8.5,"y":-88.88}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.53,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.24,"id":"6929677736d45c4158d58e24"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.4274,"y":-7.5024,"z":-2.2343,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe955"}],"id":"67b6fc063f862b6f010e2390"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2A8","title":{"de":"Die Farbe Weiß","en":"The Color White"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Die Winter der 1860er bis 1890er Jahre waren schneereich. Auch in Gegenden Frankreichs, in denen es selten schneit, fielen bis zu 30 Zentimeter Schnee. Am Ende der Kleinen Eiszeit, die im 17. Jahrhundert begonnen hatte, kam es zu einer Erwärmung, die zu einer zirkulierenden Feuchtigkeit in den unteren Schichten der Atmosphäre und zu ungewöhnlich hohen Niederschlägen führte. Schon den Landschaftsmaler Gustave Courbet hatte diese Ausnahme-situation, die die Landschaft ver-fremdete, zu Winterbildern inspiriert. Wie dieser waren die Impressionisten nicht mehr daran interessiert, das Heroische zu thematisieren, das dem Schnee im kollektiven Gedächtnis nach den Winterkriegen Napoleons eingeschrieben war. Die Verwandlung der Landschaft durch den Schnee gab den Malern die Freiheit, sich auf Licht und Farbe zu fokussieren. Die Künstler arbeiteten bei Minus-graden unter erschwerten Bedin-gungen. Sie setzten sich der eisigen Kälte aus, um dem Schnee die optischen Phänomene der Lichtbrechung auf den Kristallen abzugewinnen. Wie bei ihren Darstellungen von Wasserflächen ging es den Malern um die visuelle Verschränkung von Himmel und Erde. Sie beobachteten das Schauspiel des Widerscheins vom Himmelblau und glühender Sonnenuntergänge. Die Reflexionen auf dem Schnee setzten sie in teils abstrakt anmutende Malerei um.","en":"There was a particularly large amount of snow during the winters between the 1860s and the 1890s. Even areas of France that rarely experienced snowfall had up to thirty centimeters of snow. This was due to a rise in temperature that resulted in circulating humidity in the lower layers of the atmosphere and an unusual amount of precipitation at the end of the Little Ice Age, which had begun in the seventeenth century. This unusual situation, which transformed the landscape, had already inspired Gustave Courbet to paint winter scenes. Like Courbet, the Impressionists were no longer interested in heroic subject matter that was engraved in the collective memory following Napoleon's winter campaign. The metamorphosis of the landscape due to the snow gave painters the freedom to focus on light and color. The artists worked at sub-zero temperatures under difficult conditions. They endured icy cold in order to depict the optic phenomena of light refraction on snow crystals. Similar to their representation of water surfaces, the painters were interested in the visual connection between the sky and earth. They observed the spectacle of the reflections of sky blue and firey sunsets. They captured reflections on snow in paintings that were at times nearly abstract in outlook."},"coverImage":"67b6fd255c358fca3f0606a6","3dModel":"67b6fd3f5c358fca3f0606ce","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c0fbb42ed4293e293e2","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb4"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"1ee280e8416e4f0d9bbdf9150c19e9d0","rotation":{"x":0.93,"y":90.27}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.1,"y":1.53,"z":1.65},"position":{"x":-4.56446306946763,"y":1.9538980866039903,"z":0.4313419181075244,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":-3.88,"y":9.16,"z":0.48},"id":"6890d1902cd0e82723613b84"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"23511c4ef5334e9882bc233476bfe7e6","rotation":{"x":8.01,"y":-90.19}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.45,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.24,"id":"692967e936d45c4158d58e26"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3117,"y":-7.5016,"z":-2.1985,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe956"}],"id":"67b6fc1d3f862b6f010e2392"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2A6","title":{"de":"Die Küsten Europas","en":"The Coasts of Europe"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Nur die Venedig-Ansichten Claude Monets erinnern noch an die Grand Tour der Künstler voriger Jahrhunderte. Die Stadt hatte schon den Romantikern eine atmosphärische Lichtmalerei entlockt. Die Malerei des Nordens und die Beobachtung der heimischen Natur hatten in Monets Generation das Vorbild der Antike und der an der italienischen Campagna geschulten klassizistischer Landschaftsmalerei abgelöst. Wenn Eugène Boudin, Berthe Morisot und später Paul Signac Italien besuchten, dann nicht auf den traditionellen Wegen. Vielmehr reisten sie mit der Eisenbahn entlang der Küsten wie andere Touristen. Die Küsten Nord- wie Südeuropas wurden im späten 19. Jahrhundert mit Postkarten touristisch vermarktet. Die Maler stellten sich dieser Konkurrenz, indem sie mit den Aus-schnitttechniken der Photographie arbeiteten. Ihre pastose Malerei stand im Gegensatz zu den glatten Oberflächen des neuen Mediums. Die Côte d'Azur wurde touristisch zur gleichen Zeit erschlossen, als sich Cross und Signac dort in den 1890er Jahren niederließen. Das Sonnenlicht, das die Maler in den Süden zog, war für sie eine Energie, die künstlerische Neuerungen mit gesellschaftlichen Utopien speiste. Die drei Generationen der Impressionisten, Pointillisten und Fauvisten - Zeitgenossen eines sich rasant entwickelnden modernen Frankreichs - verband das gleiche Ideal: Natur mit Licht und Farbe sinnlich erfahrbar zu machen.","en":"Claude Monet's views of Venice are the only works that are reminiscent of the Grand Tours on which artists of previous centuries embarked. The city had already inspired Romantic painters to create atmospheric depictions of light. In Monet's generation the model of antiquity and classic landscape painting that was schooled on the Italian Campagna had been replaced by northern painting and the study of nature at home. When Eugène Boudin, Berthe Morisot, and later Paul Signac traveled to Italy, they did not take the traditional approach. Instead they traveled with the railroad along the coasts like other tourists. The coasts of northern and southern Europe were marketed as tourist destinations in the late nineteenth century by means of postcards. The painters reacted to this competition by adapting the cut-out techniques of photography. The impasto of their paintings was quite the opposite of the slick surfaces of the new medium. The Côte d'Azur was being discovered by tourism at the same time as Cross and Signac settled there in the 1890s. The sunlight that attracted the painters to the south was a sort of energy that fed artistic innovations and social utopias. Three generations of Impressionists, Pointillists, and Fauves, contemporaries of a rapidly developing modern France, were linked by the same ideal: making nature experienceable with the senses by means of light and paint."},"coverImage":"67b6fcd25c358fca3f060648","3dModel":"67caeceb0aa4f91dd2e19937","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69cea58f70c4a99939b3a75a","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","id":"69cea578a9f9cb7f5e8a3dd7"},{"glbFile":"6aca6743af3802bc375cb4e4","id":"6aca6748af3802bc375cb4ee"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"05ca5ce08937493fa2104ef327693644","rotation":{"x":-4.971020773654717,"y":-89.34168595089287}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.76,"y":1.73,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":8.108896970210926,"y":1.833057579473252,"z":-6.74813349435814,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":8.17,"y":9.06,"z":-6.71},"id":"6890d2be2cd0e82723613b85"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"03ea023d3f944e0fb40d135aaef659f9","rotation":{"x":3.1911727434578516,"y":-0.21119619092232722}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.45,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.28,"id":"6929680936d45c4158d58e28"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3685,"y":-7.5228,"z":-2.28,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe957"}],"id":"67b6fc373f862b6f010e2394"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2A7","title":{"de":"Monets Serien","en":"Monet’s Series"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Nachdem Monet Ende der 1870er Jahre Paris den Rücken gekehrt hatte, widmete er sich zunächst in Vétheuil und später in Giverny der Natur im Wechsel von Tages- und Jahres-zeiten. Hier verfolgte er die Idee, durch Wiederholungen des Motivs der Erfassung des Augenblicks näher-zukommen. Von 1891 an nutzte Monet Einzelausstellungen in seiner Pariser Galerie Durand-Ruel zur Präsentation groß angelegter Werkreihen, bei denen er ein einziges Motiv in zahlreichen Variationen durchspielte: Auf seine Getreideschober folgten die Kathedralen von Rouen, später die Serie des britischen Parlaments in London und schließlich die des Seerosenteichs in seinem Wasser-garten in Giverny. Drei dieser Werkgruppen sind in der Sammlung Hasso Plattner beispielhaft vertreten. Mit den Getreideschobern stellte Monet sein Konzept des enveloppe vor - jener das Motiv umgebenden Hülle aus Licht und Luft, die er zum eigentlichen Gegenstand seiner Malerei erhob. Die im Smog gegen den Sonnenuntergang aufscheinende Silhouette von Westminster Palace beschäftigte ihn bei drei London-Aufenthalten zwischen 1899 und 1901. Der Seerosenteich in Giverny gab Monet über zwei Jahrzehnte lang Stoff zu sehen und zu malen: Spiegelnde Wasserflächen hatten sein Werk von Anfang an geprägt. Das neben seinem Seerosenteich gelegene Atelier erlaubte es ihm, nun auf bisher ungeahnt großen Leinwänden zu arbeiten. Indem sie auf den Horizont verzichten und den Himmel spiegeln, entgrenzen die Bilder den Landschaftsraum und bieten den Betrachtern ein immersives Erlebnis.","en":"After Monet turned his back on Paris at the end of the 1870s, he devoted himself first in Vétheuil and later in Giverny to depictions of nature showing the changing days and seasons. There he pursued the idea of coming closer to capturing the fleeting moment through repetitions of one given motif. From 1891 on Monet used solo exhibitions at the Paris gallery of Durand-Ruel to present large-scale series of works in which he showed one single motif in numerous variations. His Grainstacks were followed by Rouen Cathedral, later by the series of the Houses of Parliament in London, and finally by that of the Water Lilies in his garden in Giverny. Three of these groups are represented in the Hasso Plattner Collection. With the Grainstacks, Monet introduced his concept of the enveloppe - the \"envelope\" of light and air surrounding the motif, which he elevated to the actual subject of his painting. The silhouette of Westminster Palace appearing in the smog against the sunset occupied him during three stays in London between 1899 and 1901. The water-lily pond in Giverny gave Monet material to see and paint for over two decades: reflecting water surfaces had influenced his work from the beginning. The studio located next to his water-lily pond allowed him to work on canvases of an unprecedented size. By doing away with the horizon and mirroring the sky, these landscapes seem to expand beyond the frame of the canvas, offering viewers an immersive experience."},"coverImage":"67b6fc915c358fca3f0605dc","3dModel":"67caed120aa4f91dd2e19998","3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69cea54570c4a99939b3a706","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","id":"69cea528a9f9cb7f5e8a3dd5"},{"glbFile":"6aca6749af3802bc375cb4f2","id":"6aca674caf3802bc375cb4fc"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"9b027162b9954d00afae2fd8106e13e9","rotation":{"x":-1.08,"y":-90.89}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.89,"z":1.76},"position":{"x":28.89,"y":1.75,"z":0.44,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":28.92,"y":9.13,"z":0.48},"id":"6890da7c2cd0e82723613b86"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"ef91446568d943a689d8b10bad8363cd","rotation":{"x":7.85,"y":88.76}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.45,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.28,"id":"6929685236d45c4158d58e2a"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3114,"y":-7.5262,"z":-2.28,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe958"}],"id":"67b6fc513f862b6f010e2396"},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"0B1","title":{"de":"Landschaften der Fauvisten","en":"Landscapes of the Fauves"},"description":{"de":"1905 kam eine radikal neue Kunstrichtung auf, die die Konturen betonte und die Farbe expressiv einsetzte. Als „Les Fauves\" (die Wilden) bezeichnete ein Kunstkritiker diese Maler anlässlich ihrer ersten Ausstellung im Pariser Herbstsalon. Während André Derain mit seinem Freund Henri Matisse auf den Spuren von Cross und Signac in Südfrankreich gemalt hatte, war Maurice de Vlaminck in Nordfrankreich an den Ufern der Seine geblieben. Die Fauvisten lösten sich vom impressionistischen und pointillistischen Stil und entwickelten eine flächige, farbstarke Malerei. Anders als die Impressionisten ging es ihnen nicht um die Darstellung von Naturphänomenen, sondern - darin den Malern der „Brücke\" verwandt - um den Ausdruckswert der Farbe. Auch begannen sie in der Nachfolge Cézannes mit einer Zergliederung der Form zu experimentieren, wie sie der Kubismus später weiterführte. Ihr expressiver Malstil hielt sie jedoch nicht davon ab, Impressionismus und Pointillismus in der Wahl der Orte und Motive zu folgen. So reiste Derain 1907 nach Cassis, wo bereits Signac gemalt hatte. Vlaminck malte mit dem Bootshaus von Rueil ein Motiv Pierre-Auguste Renoirs. Obwohl ihre Landschaften aufgewühlt, oft düster sind, bezogen sich die Fauvisten auf die Ikonographie des Impressionismus.","en":"In 1905 a radically new art movement emerged that emphasized contours and used paint to expressive ends. On the occasion of their first exhibition in the Paris Salon d'Autumne, an art critic called these painters \"Les Fauves\" (the Wild Beasts). While André Derain had worked alongside his friend Henri Matisse in the South of France on the trail of Cross and Signac, Maurice de Vlaminck remained in northern France near the Seine. The Fauves distanced themselves from the Impressionist and Pointillist styles and developed a technique characterized by flatness and bright colors. Unlike the Impressionists they were not interested in the depiction of natural phenomena but in the expressive value of color. In this respect, they were related to the painters of the German movement Die Brücke. They also began, in emulation of Cézanne, to experiment with the dissection of form, which was later continued by the Cubists. Their expressive painting style did not prevent them from following Impressionism and Pointillism in their choice of locations and motifs. In 1907, for example, Derain traveled to Cassis, where Signac had worked previously. Vlaminck used one of Renoir's motifs when he painted the boatyard of Rueil. 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In den 1890er Jahren entwickelten Paul Signac und Henri Edmond Cross diese Malerei im Pointillismus weiter. Noch immer faszinieren diese Gemälde mit ihrer Konzentration auf den Augenblick. Mit über 110 Gemälden des Impressionismus und Nachimpressionismus zeigt das Museum Barberini die Sammlung des Museumsgründers Hasso Plattner. Darunter befindet sich mit 40 Gemälden von Claude Monet der größte Werkkomplex dieses Malers in Europa außerhalb Frankreichs. Mit der Präsentation dieser Arbeiten eröffnet sich die ganze thematische Reichweite und künstlerische Brisanz des Impressionismus. Prof. Dr. h. c. mult. Hasso Plattner ist einer der profiliertesten deutschen Unternehmer und Entrepreneur von Weltrang. Seit vielen Jahren fördert er die deutsche und internationale Wissenschaft. Als Sammler fokussiert er sich auf Gemälde mit einer offenen Bildsprache, die die Betrachter einbeziehen.","en":"In the 1860s Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley joined forces in Paris. These young painters liberated themselves from the traditional subject matter of their era and revolutionized art with landscapes that were suffused with light. In 1874 they became known as the \"Impressionists\" - artists who preferred to paint outdoors and to capture fleeting sensual impressions directly on the canvas. Berthe Morisot, Paul Cézanne, and Gustave Caillebotte later joined this new art movement, and in the 1890s Paul Signac and Henri-Edmond Cross further developed the style into Pointillism. Their paintings continue to captivate us with their concentration on transitory moments. With over 110 Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works, the Museum Barberini shows the collection of its founder Hasso Plattner. Among these are 40 paintings by Claude Monet, making it the largest group of compositions by this painter in Europe outside of France. The presentation of these works reveals both the range of subject matter and the artistic explosiveness of Impressionism. Prof. Dr. h.c. mult. Hasso Plattner is one of the most distinguished businessmen in Germany and an entrepreneur of international standing. For many years he has supported scholarship in Germany and abroad. 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Max Liebermann engagierte sich als Künstler, Sammler, Mentor und Ausstellungsmacher für diese Malerei des modernen Lebens. Sie erreichte Deutschland in den Umbruchsjahren nach dem Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71. Der preußische König Wilhelm I. hatte sich im Schloss von Versailles zum deutschen Kaiser krönen lassen – eine Demütigung für Frankreich, die das deutsch-französische Verhältnis über Jahrzehnte belastete und den künstlerischen Austausch zunächst bremste. Das Wirtschaftswachstum der Gründerzeit in Deutschland führte zu einem Erstarken des Bürgertums, dessen Aufgeschlossenheit für die neue Malerei aus Frankreich wuchs. In den deutschen Residenz- und ehemaligen Reichsstädten entstanden Museen, von denen wichtige Impulse ausgingen. Seit 1892 zeigte die Münchener Secession Impressionisten, 1898 folgte die Berliner Secession. Malerinnen und Maler bezogen seither Inspirationen aus Paris und malten pulsierende Stadtansichten, Momentaufnahmen moderner Freizeitaktivitäten, lebhafte Kinderportraits und dramatische Theaterszenen. Neben bekannten Künstlern wie Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth oder Max Slevogt schlossen sich viele weitere Künstlerinnen und Künstler der impressionistischen Avantgarde an, deren Werk es in diesem Zusammenhang neu zu entdecken gilt – etwa Dora Hitz, Gotthardt Kuehl, Sabine Lepsius, Heinrich Eduard Linde-Walther, Christian Rohlfs, Maria Slavona und Lesser Ury. Die Ausstellung steht unter der Schirmherrschaft von Bundespräsident Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Sie entstand in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Museum Frieder Burda in Baden-Baden.","en":"The impetus for the first avant garde art movement in Germany came from Impressionist painting in France. As an artist, collector, mentor, and exhibition organizer, Max Liebermann actively promoted the Impressionist painting of modern life, which reached Germany in the tumultuous years following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. King Wilhelm I of Prussia had been crowned emperor of Germany in the palace of Versailles, a humiliation that strained German-French relations for decades and initially hindered artistic exchange. Economic growth in late nineteenth-century Germany led to the rise of a bourgeoisie increasingly open to the new painting style from France. In the former residential and imperial cities of Germany newly founded museums took important steps in this direction. Impressionist works were first exhibited at the Munich Secession in 1892, and in 1898 the Berlin Secession followed suit. From then on, painters looked to Paris for inspiration, creating pulsating images of the city, snapshot-like views of modern leisure activities, lively portraits of children, and dramatic theater scenes. Along with well-known painters such as Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth, and Max Slevogt, many other artists were also associated with the Impressionist avant-garde—figures including Dora Hitz, Gotthardt Kuehl, Sabine Lepsius, Heinrich Eduard Linde-Walther, Christian Rohlfs, Maria Slavona, and Lesser Ury, whose works are well worth rediscovering. The exhibition is held under the patronage of Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and was organized in cooperation with the Museum Frieder Burda in Baden-Baden."},"guides":[{"guide":{"createdAt":"2026-02-23T19:40:08.053Z","updatedAt":"2026-02-23T19:40:08.293Z","type":"audioAdults","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","duration":53,"name":{"de":"Avantgarde audioAdults","en":"Avant-garde audioAdults"},"title":{"de":"Avantgarde","en":"Avant-garde"},"subtitle":{"de":"Max Liebermann und der Impressionismus in Deutschland","en":"Max Liebermann and Impressionism in Germany"},"description":{"de":null,"en":null},"id":"699cad18c2b692a515e02a98"},"fileGroup":{"fileNumber":"200","file":{"de":{"createdAt":"2026-02-23T19:42:18.033Z","updatedAt":"2026-02-23T19:42:19.095Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"audio-guide-adults","url":"/cms/api/media/file/200_Willkommen.m4a","filename":"200_Willkommen.m4a","mimeType":"audio/x-m4a","filesize":6427819,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"699cad9abab706a9c9e9ff79"},"en":{"createdAt":"2026-02-23T19:42:19.184Z","updatedAt":"2026-02-23T19:42:19.828Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"audio-guide-adults","url":"/cms/api/media/file/200_Welcome.m4a","filename":"200_Welcome.m4a","mimeType":"audio/x-m4a","filesize":2251798,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"699cad9bbab706a9c9e9ff90"}}},"id":"699cad9cac824e155569b094"}],"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":2.799999999999998,"y":1.7300000000000002,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":9.563583680383694,"y":-5.901093548292007,"z":-6.668238833540182,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":9.563583680383694,"y":-5.901093548292007,"z":-6.668238833540182},"id":"69a9cba3b366e7001bdbe932"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"faed3f2bec3043e5b6ab492fa6c99420","rotation":{"x":2.7697442550513984,"y":0.7390439302945533}}}},"guides":[{"guide":{"createdAt":"2026-02-23T19:40:08.053Z","updatedAt":"2026-02-23T19:40:08.293Z","type":"audioAdults","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","duration":53,"name":{"de":"Avantgarde audioAdults","en":"Avant-garde audioAdults"},"title":{"de":"Avantgarde","en":"Avant-garde"},"subtitle":{"de":"Max Liebermann und der Impressionismus in Deutschland","en":"Max Liebermann and Impressionism in Germany"},"description":{"de":null,"en":null},"id":"699cad18c2b692a515e02a98"},"id":"699cad1869833f108942d80c"}],"galleries":[{"hall":"0A1","description":{"de":"Im Kaiserreich der 1870er Jahre blieb die moderne Kunst von einer akademischen, dunkeltonigen Ateliermalerei geprägt. Der französische Impressionismus wurde zunächst kaum zur Kenntnis genommen. Künstlerinnen und Künstler orientierten sich an Vorbildern aus der Schule von Barbizon mit ihren Szenen des bäuerlichen Lebens. Weitere Anregungen kamen aus Holland vom naturalistischen Ansatz der Haager Schule. Aber in ihrer Genremalerei thematisierten deutsche Maler bereits den Alltag der einfachen Bevölkerung. In dieser realitätsnahen, erzählerischen Form stellten sie fortschrittliche soziale Einrichtungen wie Altersheime oder Waisenhäuser dar. Erst ab den 1890er Jahren setzte sich die impressionistische Freilichtmalerei durch und entwickelte sich in verschiedenen Zentren – etwa in Berlin, Weimar, München und Dresden.","en":"In the German Empire of the 1870s, modern art was initially dominated by academic, dark-toned studio painting, with scant attention paid to French Impressionism. Artists emulated the painters of the Barbizon School with their scenes of rural life; further inspiration came from the Naturalist approach of the Hague School in Holland. In their genre painting, however, German artists had already focused on the everyday life of simple people, depicting progressive social institutions such as homes for the elderly or orphanages in realistic, narrative form. Not until the 1890s did Impressionist plein-air painting begin to gain ascendancy and develop in various centers such as Berlin, Weimar, Munich, and Dresden."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:13:39.785Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:13:40.116Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/a1.jpg","filename":"a1.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":193158,"width":1500,"height":953,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac78e38097165e80978076"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:27:31.533Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:27:31.699Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A1.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A1.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":127984,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1738097165e80972b9e"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1738097165e80972b9e","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbafd"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"a825051634504d47bfa08ede513c9e16","rotation":{"x":-0.18290301007447793,"y":-91.59095658303293}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.61,"y":1.5,"z":0.1},"position":{"x":16.1849431558635,"y":-5.753971432758682,"z":2.7140947209338986,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":16.1849431558635,"y":-5.753971432758682,"z":2.7140947209338986},"id":"69a9c6d4b366e7001bdbe92a"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"418c4358a1c94b8d98522389d3189adf","rotation":{"x":1.3821167751173435,"y":-179.95304653467497}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c59c0c8462c590418ebda","title":{"de":"Impressionismus in Deutschland","en":"Impressionism in Germany"},"subtitle":{"de":"Erste Schritte","en":"First Steps"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:27:31.533Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:27:31.699Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A1.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A1.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":127984,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1738097165e80972b9e"}},{"hall":"0A2","description":{"de":"Bei Aufenthalten in Frankreich entdeckten Malerinnen und Maler aus Deutschland neue Motive – beleuchtete Cafés und Brücken, flanierende Bürger in Parks, ein mondänes Opernpublikum oder Spaziergängerinnen in weißen Kleidern an den Stränden der Normandie. Mit ihrem subjektiven Ausdruck sei die impressionistische Lichtmalerei der geeignete Stil, das moderne Leben auf die Leinwand zu bringen, befand der Kunsthistoriker Julius Meier-Graefe in seinem Buch Entwicklungsgeschichte der modernen Kunst von 1904. Um die Jahrhundertwende stellten die Berliner Secession und die Galerie Paul Cassirer regelmäßig Gemälde von Claude Monet oder Édouard Manet aus, die wegen ihrer Modernität kurz zuvor in Frankreich noch als skandalös empfunden worden waren. In Deutschland mobilisierten diese Ausstellungen die Opposition gegen die vom Kaiser erwünschte nationale Kunst.","en":"Painters from Germany discovered new motifs during visits to France: illuminated cafés and bridges, middleclass citizens strolling in the park, fashionable operagoers, and women in white dresses walking on the beaches of Normandy. In his 1904 book The Development of Modern Art, art historian Julius Meier-Graefe asserted that with its quality of subjective expression, the Impressionist painting of light was the style best suited to capturing modern life on canvas. Around the turn of the century, paintings by Claude Monet and Édouard Manet— whose modernity had provoked scandal in France only shortly before—were regularly shown at the Berlin Secession and the gallery of Paul Cassirer. In Germany, such exhibitions mobilized opposition against the nationalist art favored by the emperor."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:14:03.669Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:14:03.942Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/a2.jpg","filename":"a2.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":25429,"width":500,"height":352,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac78fb8097165e809780ab"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:00.104Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:00.667Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A2.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A2.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":125452,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1908097165e80972bcd"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1908097165e80972bcd","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbafe"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"806ea65bdc7d44f8a9a233266e61c9f8","rotation":{"x":-0.31363119887476254,"y":-90.78922355324279}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.1,"y":1.51,"z":1.58},"position":{"x":28.810409009016883,"y":-5.6670751489359095,"z":-5.520094712712668,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":28.810409009016883,"y":-5.6670751489359095,"z":-5.475964966364144},"id":"69a9c744b366e7001bdbe92b"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"a778ae629f5e4975a121cd4e790cf66c","rotation":{"x":0.5807506007366604,"y":90.38991315020537}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5a25c8462c590418ebdb","title":{"de":"Motive des modernen Lebens","en":"Motifs of Modern Life"},"subtitle":{"de":"Anregungen aus Frankreich","en":"Impulses from France"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:00.104Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:00.667Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A2.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A2.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":125452,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1908097165e80972bcd"}},{"hall":"1A3","description":{"de":"Mit der rapiden Stadterweiterung entwickelte sich Berlin bereits vor 1871 zur modernen Metropole. Breite Boulevards und künstliche Beleuchtung entstanden. Straßenansichten und nächtliche Szenen wurden zum Bildthema. Auch Gartenlokale und Biergärten fanden Eingang in das Motivrepertoire, ebenso die neuen bürgerlichen Freizeitvergnügen wie Reit- und Ruderausflüge, Schlittschuhlaufen und Segelpartien. Fasziniert von der rasanten Entwicklung hielten die Maler das geschäftige Treiben der Metropole mit dynamischer Pinselführung fest. Sie thematisierten die Sehnsucht des Großstadtmenschen nach Erholung im Grünen, aber auch die Anonymität urbaner Zentren. Die Gemälde zeigen eine ambivalente Sicht auf die Stadt als pulsierenden Kulturraum und zugleich als Ort emotionaler Überforderung.","en":"Even before 1871, the rapidly expanding city of Berlin had already developed into a modern metropolis. With the advent of broad boulevards and artificial lighting, street views and nocturnal scenes became subject matter for painting. Outdoor pubs and beer gardens also found entrance into the repertoire of motifs, as did new bourgeois leisure activities such as riding and rowing excursions, ice skating, and sailing parties. Fascinated by this rapid development, artists captured the hustle and bustle of the metropolis in dynamic brushstrokes, exploring city dwellers’ longing for recreation in nature as well as the anonymity of the urban centers. Their paintings show the metropolis in an ambivalent light, as both a pulsating cultural hub and an emotionally draining environment."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:14:26.020Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:14:26.248Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/a3.jpg","filename":"a3.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":54400,"width":500,"height":328,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac79128097165e809780dd"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:20.483Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:20.721Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A3.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A3.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":137176,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1a48097165e80972bfb"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1a48097165e80972bfb","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbaff"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"7b3c364118dc492fb5f7ef4b34dcf215","rotation":{"x":-0.06937142870633313,"y":-90.60562589642487}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.58,"y":1.51,"z":0.12},"position":{"x":10.216923896945767,"y":1.8040132021720545,"z":-6.67663334610434,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":10.216923896945767,"y":1.8040132021720545,"z":-6.67663334610434},"id":"69a9c789b366e7001bdbe92c"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"9cbe37ff676248ef89b42607b352e601","rotation":{"x":1.0020398149256033,"y":0.5271364769352488}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5a90c8462c590418ebdc","title":{"de":"Die Moderne im Blick","en":"Looking at Modernity"},"subtitle":{"de":"Stadtbilder","en":"Images of the City"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:20.483Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:20.721Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A3.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A3.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":137176,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1a48097165e80972bfb"}},{"hall":"1A4","description":{"de":"Im 19. Jahrhundert entstand in Europa eine neue Kultur der Kur- und Badeorte. Der Ausbau der Eisenbahn seit den 1840er Jahren machte die Küste auch für breitere Bevölkerungsschichten zugänglich. Die Popularität des Badeurlaubs gab auch der Freilichtmalerei neue Motive. Ihre Bilder zeigen Strandpromenaden und reitende Urlauber an der holländischen Küste ebenso wie badende Kinder an heimischen Seen. Die skizzenhafte Malweise und das leuchtende Kolorit verleihen den Gemälden eine unbeschwerte Heiterkeit. Die impressionistische Malerei vereinte die neue Naturverbundenheit mit dem Freizeitvergnügen am Wasser und schuf Wunschbilder, die dem modernen Zeitgeist entsprachen.","en":"The nineteenth century saw the rise of a new culture of spas and seaside resorts in Europe. Beginning in the 1840s, the expansion of the railroad enabled broader segments of the population to travel to the coast. The popularity of holidays on the water also offered new motifs for plein-air painters: Artists depicted beach promenades and horseback rides on the Dutch coast, as well as children swimming in local lakes. The loose brushwork and brilliant colors lend their images an atmosphere of carefree pleasure. Impressionist painting combined the new interest in nature with leisure activity on the water, creating idealized images that reflected the modern zeitgeist."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:14:42.140Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:14:42.414Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/a4.jpg","filename":"a4.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":186927,"width":1920,"height":1245,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac79228097165e8097810d"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:54.622Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:54.691Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A4.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A4.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":121592,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1c68097165e80972c29"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1c68097165e80972c29","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbb00"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"d6dabd6d03a941639ae909490a213d52","rotation":{"x":-5.973735766689567,"y":-88.43333351429997}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.13,"y":1.51,"z":1.58},"position":{"x":28.82785708098857,"y":1.7594022610747229,"z":-4.640620257265184,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":28.82785708098857,"y":1.7594022610747229,"z":-4.640620257265184},"id":"69a9c7d2b366e7001bdbe92d"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"eced14a6192548a2801325190d510285","rotation":{"x":5.033653328230904,"y":89.81821936978946}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5ac5c8462c590418ebdd","title":{"de":"Frische und Dynamik","en":"Fresh Air and Movement"},"subtitle":{"de":"Draußen am Wasser","en":"Holiday on the Water"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:54.622Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:28:54.691Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A4.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A4.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":121592,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1c68097165e80972c29"}},{"hall":"1A5","description":{"de":"Die Gründerzeit rief im deutschen Bürgertum den Wunsch hervor, die Generation der Erben im Portrait festzuhalten. Als Vorbilder dienten die zeitgenössischen Kinderbildnisse von Mary Cassatt und Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Sie waren für französische und amerikanische Auftraggeber gemalt, die im Wirtschafts- aufschwung bürgerliche Dynastien begründet hatten. Große Erwartungen waren auf die Nachkommen gerichtet, große Sorgfalt wurde auf ihre Erziehung verwendet. Sonnenlicht und freie impressionistische Malweise bringen aber auch kindliche Unbefangenheit und den Esprit des Neubeginns zum Ausdruck. Die Kinderportraits spiegeln den freiheitlichen Geist der Reformpädagogik, die Religionsunterricht und Militarismus kritisierte und die Schule in einen Ort der Inspiration verwandeln wollte.","en":"In the late nineteenth century, the desire for portraits of the next generation arose among the German bourgeoisie. Their vision was modeled on the contemporary portraits of children by Mary Cassatt and Pierre- Auguste Renoir, produced for French and American patrons who had founded bourgeois dynasties in the wake of the economic boom. Such families had great expectations for their progeny and devoted tremendous care to their education. Yet the free brushwork and evocation of sunlight in Impressionist painting also evoked a feeling of carefree childlikeness and the spirit of new beginnings. The portraits of children reflect the liberated spirit of educational reform, which leveled criticism at religious training and militarism and sought to transform the school into a place of inspiration."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:15:04.529Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:15:04.769Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/a5.jpg","filename":"a5.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":50980,"width":500,"height":328,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac79388097165e8097813d"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:12.929Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:13.011Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A5.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A5.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":149404,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1d88097165e80972c57"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1d88097165e80972c57","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbb01"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"b2b66f7ed5e24dea80a83b2c0911a324","rotation":{"x":-1.5252843618039569,"y":90.69407103992197}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.13,"y":1.51,"z":1.59},"position":{"x":-4.499463071851816,"y":1.7134630553079016,"z":0.3947824570230657,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":-4.499463071851816,"y":1.7134630553079016,"z":0.3947824570230657},"id":"69a9c825b366e7001bdbe92e"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"b9b05d7b53b446939bd305e3c01b768c","rotation":{"x":5.892904223755567,"y":-89.66791985659655}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5b32c8462c590418ebde","title":{"de":"Voller Erwartung","en":"Great Expectations"},"subtitle":{"de":"Kinderbilder","en":"Images of Children"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:12.929Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:13.011Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_A5.glb","filename":"avandgarde_A5.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":149404,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1d88097165e80972c57"}},{"hall":"Lel_1","description":{"de":"Neben Szenen des modernen Lebens Malerinnen und Maler auch den Blick auf Haus und Garten im impressionistischen Stil fest. Die Gemälde geben Einblicke in das Familienleben und feiern das Zuhause als Rückzugsort. Oft wirken die Darstellungen als Wunschbilder, die zur Identifikation einladen. Private Szenen spiegeln die Souveränität des aufstrebenden Bürgertums, das seine Erfahrungswelt für bildwürdig hielt. Bei den im häuslichen Raum ent- standenen Stillleben ging es nicht mehr wie in vergangenen Jahrhunderten um allegorische Bedeutungen, sondern um die Malerei an sich. Hier verleihen Pinselführung und Oberflächengestaltung den Bildern häufig bereits einen abstrakt anmutenden Charakter.","en":"Along with scenes of modern life in public spaces, painters also embraced the Impressionist style for views of homes and gardens. Their paintings portray glimpses of family life and celebrate the domestic sphere as a place of retreat. The depictions often seem like idealized images, inviting the viewer to identify with them. Private scenes reflect the independence of the rising bourgeoisie, who considered their own experiential world to be appropriate subject matter for painting. Still lifes in a domestic context were no longer intended to convey allegorical meaning as in past centuries but rather to draw attention to the medium of painting itself. Here, brushwork and surface quality often lend the pictures an almost abstract character."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:18:03.011Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:18:03.312Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/Screenshot%202026-03-07%20at%2020.16.52.jpg","filename":"Screenshot 2026-03-07 at 20.16.52.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":274623,"width":3606,"height":1496,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac79eb8097165e809781d7"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:59.605Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:59.692Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_Lel_2.glb","filename":"avandgarde_Lel_2.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":138824,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe2078097165e80972cb0"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe2078097165e80972cb0","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbb02"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"42e00d6e051e4a4e81482c302a463cf0","rotation":{"x":-3.1779078416771616,"y":177.46440315362986}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.59,"y":1.51,"z":0.15000000000000002},"position":{"x":-7.805337473018424,"y":1.6745706021853002,"z":4.4251227905240365,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":-7.805337473018424,"y":1.6745706021853002,"z":4.4251227905240365},"id":"69a9c877b366e7001bdbe92f"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"39d181e3ef0c452e82b9bf322bf25c39","rotation":{"x":4.25617330354263,"y":0.8666807142645168}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5e63c8462c590418ebe0","title":{"de":"Intime Welten","en":"Intimate Worlds"},"subtitle":{"de":"Haus und Garten","en":"Homes and Gardens"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:59.605Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:59.692Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_Lel_2.glb","filename":"avandgarde_Lel_2.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":138824,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe2078097165e80972cb0"}},{"hall":"Lel_2","description":{"de":"Die prägende Bedeutung des Theaters um 1900 als Erlebnisraum von Emotionen spiegelte sich auch in der Malerei. Künstler brachten mit Motiven aus der Welt der Oper große Gefühle auf die Leinwand. Max Liebermann, Max Slevogt und Lovis Corinth setzten den impressionistischen Pinselduktus ein, um ihren Bildern eine vibrierende Dramatik zu verleihen. Ihre Kompositionen waren ein Resonanzraum der zeitgleichen Neuerungen im Theater und im modernen Tanz. Nach dem Vorbild Édouard Manets malte Slevogt Rollenportraits des Baritons Francisco d’Andrade. Daneben inszenierten die Maler biblische Geschichten wie Simson und Delila als Ausdruck des Geschlechterkampfs, der im Zug der Emanzipationsbewegung an Brisanz gewann.","en":"Around 1900, the importance of theater as an arena for emotional experience left its mark on painting as well. Artists turned to motifs from the world of opera to capture strong feelings on canvas. Max Liebermann, Max Slevogt, and Lovis Corinth used the Impressionist brushstroke to lend vibrating dynamism to their pictures, while contemporary innovations in theater and modern dance also resonate in their compositions. Inspired by Édouard Manet, Slevogt painted role portraits of baritone Francisco d’Andrade. He also presented biblical stories such as that of Samson and Delilah as an expression of the battle between the sexes, a theme that gained explosive effect in the wake of the emancipation movement."},"coverImage":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T19:15:29.320Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T19:15:29.580Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"gallery-cover-image","url":"/cms/api/media/file/lel1.jpg","filename":"lel1.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":22210,"width":500,"height":334,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69ac79518097165e80978174"},"3dModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:31.068Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:31.153Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_Lel_1.glb","filename":"avandgarde_Lel_1.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":160544,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1eb8097165e80972c82"},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69abe1eb8097165e80972c82","id":"69d2682902142f001b7bbb03"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"9f6c64e4b5aa445da11c0e2f9d5b5d65","rotation":{"x":-3.960745563761768,"y":160.94346344964777}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.16000000000000003,"y":1.51,"z":1.59},"position":{"x":-15.131959996781916,"y":1.7840799148523092,"z":14.62161710677593,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","position":{"x":-15.131959996781916,"y":1.7840799148523092,"z":14.675420861993592},"id":"69a9c8acb366e7001bdbe930"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"2d3cc0ae2de34d488b3f063aa0936e6b","rotation":{"x":6.17261471442415,"y":90.51804913158877}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[],"id":"699c5ea9f98a598161227a5e","title":{"de":"Theatralität","en":"Theatricality"},"subtitle":{"de":"Große Gefühle auf Bühne und Leinwand","en":"Strong Emotions on Stage and Canvas"},"ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:31.068Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-07T08:29:31.153Z","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/avandgarde_Lel_1.glb","filename":"avandgarde_Lel_1.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":160544,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"69abe1eb8097165e80972c82"}},{"hall":"1B5","description":{"de":"Im Jahr 1909 erwarb Max Liebermann ein Anwesen am Wannsee, auf dem er einen prächtigen Garten anlegte. Ab 1915 widmete er sich überwiegend dessen Darstellung. Die unterschiedlichen Bereiche – Blumengarten, Nutzgarten, Gärtnerhäuschen, Wannseeterrasse und Birkenwäldchen – nahm er in nahezu zweihundert Gemälden in den Blick. Die Serien einzelner Motive und die Konzentration auf den eigenen Garten erinnern an Claude Monets Fokus auf seinen Seerosenteich in Giverny zur selben Zeit. Für Liebermann bedeutete sein Garten mehr als ornamentale Blütenpracht oder Inspiration zur Malerei. Vom wachsenden Antisemitismus in Deutschland verbittert, fand der Künstler hier seit den 1920er Jahren einen Rückzugsraum.","en":"In 1909 Max Liebermann purchased an estate in Wannsee. The magnificent garden he planted there became the primary subject of his art from 1915 on. In nearly two hundred paintings, he turned his gaze to different areas of the grounds—flowerbeds, vegetable garden, gardener’s hut, Wannsee terrace, and birch groves. 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Es gehört zu einer Gruppe von Bildern, die sie an einem Sommertag in müßigen Szenen mit ihrem Hund zeigt. Fritz von Uhde hat sie vor seinem Landhaus in Percha am Starnberger See gemalt und mit dem Wechselspiel von Licht und Schatten das ungezwungene Beisammensein betont.","en":"The painting shows the artist's three daughters, whom he raised alone after the death of their mother. It belongs to a group of images showing the girls with their dog enjoying leisurely activities on a summer day. Fritz von Uhde painted them in front of his country house in Percha at the Starnberger See. 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Von Steinbrüchen in der Normandie wurde das Material für die Boulevards und die neuen Quartiere in der rasant wachsenden Metropole verschifft. Neben Getreide und Gemüse aus dem Pariser Umland brachten Lastkähne Muscheln, Textilien und andere Konsumgüter zum Verkauf in der Stadt. Daneben war die Seine auch Schauplatz des modernen Segelsports und Ausflugsziel erholungs-suchender Städter, die mit der Eisenbahn in die Vororte gelangten - Aspekte des modernen Lebens, die die Impressionisten wie selbstverständlich in ihre Landschaftsbilder integrierten.","en":"The Impressionists developed their repertoire of motifs through the landscapes along the Seine. Working outdoors and focusing on the here and now, they renounced the anecdotal elements that characterized earlier landscape painting. They sharpened their skills of observation on the reflecting surfaces of the Seine. In addition to the constant change of light and of the clouds in the sky, other dynamic moments were observed in the reflections and flowing of the water. As early as 1865 Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley embarked on a painting excursion along the Seine that ended in the estuary at Le Havre. Many artists in this collection continue to be associated with towns along the Seine such as Argenteuil, Giverny, and Moret, among them Eugène Boudin, Gustave Caillebotte, Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Alfred Sisley. In the second half of the nineteenth century industrialization and increased efficiency further transformed the Seine. Steamships operated on supply routes to the capital and brought steel for the construction of railways and arcades from the foundries on the river. Building materials for the boulevards and new neighborhoods in the quickly growing metropolis were also shipped from the stone quarries in Normandy. Besides grain and vegetables from the surrounding countryside, barges transported mussels, textiles, and other goods to be sold to urban consumers. The Seine was also the scene of modern sailing sports and a destination for day-trippers from the city, who reached the suburbs by train. 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Gewaltige Umbaumaßnahmen hatten die Hauptstadt seit den 1850er Jahren verändert. Im Auftrag Kaiser Napoleons III. hatte Baron Haussmann die Stadt zu einer modernen Metropole umgestaltet: mit monumentalen Sichtachsen und Schneisen für den wachsenden Verkehr, mit neuen Grünanlagen, riesigen Markthallen, Bahnhöfen und Theatern. Gleichförmige Fassaden und Baumreihen, Gaslaternen, Litfaßsäulen, Cafés und Geschäfte säumten die Straßen. Paris war die Stadt mit den nach London meisten Einwohnern. Von 1850 bis 1870 verdoppelte sich deren Anzahl auf zwei Millionen. Neue Straßenzüge führten in die Peripherie. Die Vororte wuchsen durch den Zuzug von Handwerkern und Angestellten, die den steigenden Mieten im Zentrum entgehen wollten. Anders als in London, wo die Arbeiterschaft im Zentrum lebte, entstanden um Paris mit der Industrialisierung die Banlieues. Seit den 1860er Jahren fuhren die erholungssuchenden Pariser mit der Eisenbahn in weniger als fünf Stunden an die Küste der Normandie. In Étretat und Trouville waren Seebäder nach englischem Vorbild entstanden. Anders als im 18. Jahrhundert, als sich der Adel in Kurorten mit Heilquellen, Thermalbädern und Parks erholte, zogen die zum offenen Meer ausgerichteten Badeorte zahllose Touristen an - unter ihnen die Künstler und ihre Sammler.","en":"The Impressionists observed life on the boulevards, in cafés and parks. Massive construction work had transformed the capital since the 1850s. In the service of Napoleon III, Baron Haussmann had turned the city into a modern metropolis with monumental avenues and thoroughfares for the growing traffic, boasting new parks, enormous market halls, train stations, and theaters. Uniform façades and rows of trees, gas lanterns, advertising columns, cafés, and shops lined the streets. After London, Paris was the largest city in the world. Between 1850 and 1870 the population doubled to two million inhabitants. New streets connected the city with the periphery. The suburbs grew when blue- and white-collar workers moved there in search of alternatives to the high rents in the city center. Unlike in London, where the workers lived downtown, in Paris the banlieues were created through industrialization. Since the 1860s Parisians who were looking for recreation were able to travel by railroad to the coast of Normandy in less than five hours. In Étretat and Trouville there were resorts in the style of English baths. Unlike during the eighteenth century, when only the nobility went to spas to take the waters, bathe in hot springs, and relax in parks, countless tourists were drawn to the resorts on the seaside, including the artists and their collectors."},"coverImage":{"alt":"1b4 gallery cover impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"gallery-cover-image","filename":"Paris_und_Peripherie_Cover.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":378298,"width":2880,"height":1644,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T10:06:31.234Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T10:06:31.234Z","id":"67b6fea75c358fca3f060891","url":"/cms/api/media/file/Paris_und_Peripherie_Cover.jpg","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModel":{"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","filename":"1b4_cut_paintings-opt-1.glb","mimeType":"application/octet-stream","filesize":803188,"createdAt":"2025-03-07T13:14:53.976Z","updatedAt":"2025-03-07T13:14:53.976Z","id":"67caf14d0aa4f91dd2e19be7","url":"/cms/api/media/file/1b4_cut_paintings-opt-1.glb","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c02bb42ed4293e293bb","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb1"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"9157c44f0845461090806650fae0f4fb","rotation":{"x":-4.368376621908027,"y":-91.36761041006801}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.72,"y":1.96,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":36.34514881438148,"y":-5.3412864270067395,"z":32.87079938585636,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":36.51,"y":1.89,"z":32.78},"id":"688e454d7080e41820ff4559"},{"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","position":{"x":36.34514881438148,"y":-5.3412864270067395,"z":32.87079938585636},"id":"69bd24a872d5786b609cf2df"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"38d7a963530147c8ba619655596ea983","rotation":{"x":5.7914495710074805,"y":179.11581997411366}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.58,"y":-7.55,"z":-2.34,"id":"6929668036d45c4158d58e1e"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3349,"y":-7.6066,"z":-2.2815,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe952"}],"id":"67b6fbb03f862b6f010e238a","ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:14.861Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:17.786Z","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/1b4_cut_paintings-opt-1_1024_draco.glb","filename":"1b4_cut_paintings-opt-1_1024_draco.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":256704,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"6ac98c02bb42ed4293e293bb"}},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2B6","title":{"de":"Ein neuer Realismus","en":"A New Realism"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Die Motive der Impressionisten sind betont unspektakulär: Kornfelder, Pappelreihen, Feldwege und Wiesen. In den Feldern an ihren Wohnorten fingen sie für ihr Pariser Publikum Aspekte französischer Landschaft ein, die weder nostalgischen noch nationalen Klischees entsprachen. Lebendig werden ihre neuartigen Naturausschnitte durch die bewegte Pinselführung. So offen die Malweise auch ist, so exakt ist doch die Topographie wiedergegeben. Wege versinnbildlichen nicht mehr den Lauf des Lebens wie in der klassischen Landschaftsmalerei, sondern laden die Betrachter ein, Licht und Luft, Tages- und Jahreszeiten mit allen Sinnen zu empfinden. Als Städter nahmen die Künstler das agrarisch geprägte Frankreich mit anderen Augen wahr als die Bauern ihr Ackerland. Während Camille Pissarro und Alfred Sisley sich in ihren Bildern mit der Landbevölkerung in Beziehung setzten, inszenierte Claude Monet sich und seine Familie als Außenstehende. Seine Bilder zeigen das landschaftliche Umfeld Givernys ohne die Arbeit der ansässigen Bauern in den Blick zu nehmen. Mit wechselnden Licht- und Wetter-bedingungen erfassten die Maler atmosphärische Erscheinungen, wie sie die Wissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert erforschte. Auch die Künstler setzten auf genaue Beobachtung der Phänomene. Dabei entstand keine willkürliche Stimmungsmalerei, sondern ein Protokoll unmittelbaren Erlebens: jeder Pinselstrich eine Information.","en":"The motifs of the Impressionists are adamantly unspectacular: fields of wheat, rows of poplars, forest paths, and meadows. In the fields near their homes, they recorded aspects of the French landscape that did not correspond to nostalgic or national clichés. Their new modern views of nature come alive through animated brushstrokes. Despite the openness of their painting style, their depiction of topography is precise. Paths, for example, instead of symbolizing the course of life as in classic landscape painting, now invite viewers to experience the light, air, times of day, and seasons with all of their senses. As people from the city, the Impressionists perceived France's agrarian tradition in a different way than the farmers saw their land. While Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley engaged with rural people in their pictures, Claude Monet staged himself and his family as outsiders. His paintings show the rural environment of Giverny without directly depicting the work of the local farmers. In changing light and weather conditions the painters captured atmospheric phenomena of the sort that nineteenth-century scientists researched. The artists, too, strove for an exact observation of phenomena. 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Doch gewannen die Küsten der Bretagne und der Normandie im Lauf des 19. Jahrhunderts an Bedeutung. Le Havre, wo Eugène Boudin und Claude Monet ihre ersten Malkampagnen starteten, war nach Marseille der zweitgrößte französische Hafen. Schon zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts waren hier die Baumwollschiffe aus der Neuen Welt angekommen. Der oft archaisch anmutende Charakter der Hafenstädte mit ihren Segelschiffen täuscht, denn sie hatten ihre Wirtschaft bereits von der vorindustriellen Produktion auf moderne Dienstleistungen umgestellt. Um dem expandierenden Handel gerecht zu werden, wurden französische Häfen nach dem Vorbild der Londoner Docks umgebaut. Auch Le Havre rüstete sich für immer größere Dampfschiffe: 1872 wurde damit begonnen, den von Boudin und Monet dargestellten Außenhafen mit einer neuen Kaimauer auszubauen. Impressionistische Hafendarstellungen dienten nicht wie die Marinemalerei Englands und der Niederlande dazu, dem Nationalstolz auf die Flotte Ausdruck zu verleihen. Die Künstler ließen sich von Vorbildern der Alten Meister anregen und arbeiteten die Modernität der Hafenstädte heraus. Künstliche Beleuchtung zeigt den neuen Takt des Warenumschlags an. Intensivierung und Verdichtung zeigt auch Monets Malerei. In London hatte er, wie wenig später auch Berthe Morisot - die einzige Frau, die von Beginn an mit den Impressionisten ausstellte -, nicht nur die englischen Docks, sondern auch die dynamische Malerei William Turners kennen-gelernt.","en":"Although France was not a seafaring nation, the coasts of Brittany and Normandy gained importance over the course of the nineteenth century. Le Havre, where Eugène Boudin and Claude Monet started their first painting campaigns, was the second largest port in France after Marseille. Ships carrying cotton from the New World had been landing there since the early nineteenth century. The often archaic appearance of the ports with their sailboats is misleading, because they had already transformed their economy from preindustrial production to modern services. To keep up with the expanding trade, French harbors were rebuilt after the model of the London Docks. Le Havre also underwent modification to accommodate steamers of increasing size: in 1872 work was begun on the expansion of the outer harbor, which Boudin and Monet painted, with a new quay wall. Impressionist depictions of harbors did not serve the purpose of marine painting in England or the Netherlands, which was to express pride in the national fleet. The artists were inspired by works by the Old Masters and focused on the modernity of the ports. The new rhythm of cargo handling was illuminated by artificial lighting. Monet also intensified and consolidated what he saw. He had visited the Docks in London, where he had also come into contact with the dynamic paintings of William Turner, as Berthe Morisot (the only woman who exhibited with the Impressionists from the very beginning) would do soon after him."},"coverImage":{"alt":"2b7 gallery cover impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"gallery-cover-image","filename":"Moderne_am_Meer_Cover.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":168087,"width":1920,"height":1320,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T10:02:07.477Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T10:04:31.236Z","thumbnailURL":null,"url":"/cms/api/media/file/Moderne_am_Meer_Cover.jpg","id":"67b6fd9f5c358fca3f06075f"},"3dModel":{"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","filename":"2b7.glb","mimeType":"application/octet-stream","filesize":3351380,"createdAt":"2025-03-07T12:45:53.085Z","updatedAt":"2025-03-07T12:45:53.085Z","id":"67caea810aa4f91dd2e196b1","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2b7.glb","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c07bb42ed4293e293c8","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb2"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"746bbec610d54a738089e95655a7bbaf","rotation":{"x":-1.7332663117722966,"y":-88.13002317384505}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.73,"y":1.78,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":36.295291715468736,"y":1.7431240139936892,"z":32.89291112944722,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":36.43,"y":9.06,"z":32.79},"id":"6890a8de55609b65edca8c54"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"71683e11979a448184ca83eced81a88b","rotation":{"x":4.7290422604697735,"y":-179.45780790657918}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.53,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.31,"id":"6929674836d45c4158d58e22"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.4157,"y":-7.5162,"z":-2.31,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe954"}],"id":"67b6fbe93f862b6f010e238e","ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:19.119Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:22.029Z","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2b7_1024_draco.glb","filename":"2b7_1024_draco.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":332060,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"6ac98c07bb42ed4293e293c8"}},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2B8","title":{"de":"Gartenbilder","en":"Garden Scenes"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Im 19. Jahrhundert entwickelte sich die Gartenkultur, ausgehend von England, zur Leidenschaft gebildeter Schichten. Auch das Interesse an importierten exotischen Pflanzen nahm zu. Die Impressionisten pflegten ihre Vorliebe für das Wandelbare auch im eigenen Garten und brachten mit diesem neuen Thema den Wechsel von Tages- und Jahreszeiten zur Anschauung. Claude Monets Schaffen ist untrennbar mit dem Wassergarten verbunden, den er in den 1890er Jahren anlegte und dessen Seerosenteich zum bestimmenden Motiv seines Spätwerks wurde. Doch bereits seit den 1870er Jahren setzte sich der begeisterte Hobbygärtner intensiv mit dem Thema der Hortikultur auseinander. Dieses Interesse teilte Monet mit Freunden wie Gustave Caillebotte, dem Schriftsteller Octave Mirbeau und dem Politiker Georges Clemenceau. Bei japanischen Händlern in Paris erwarben sie Blumenzwiebeln und -samen, aus denen sich die Farbenpracht ihrer Gärten entwickeln sollte. Mit Chrysanthemen züchteten sie eine Pflanze, die in Japan die Sonne symbolisiert. Caillebotte regte der Austausch mit Monet zu Stillleben mit Blumen des eigenen Gartens an. Künstlergärten wurden um die Jahrhundertwende aber auch ein wichtiges Thema, weil sie die Möglichkeit boten, Naturbilder mit Innenraumdarstellungen zu verbinden.","en":"In the nineteenth century, garden culture developed into a hobby of the educated classes after the English model. There was also an increase in the importation of exotic plants. In their own gardens the artists around Claude Monet cultivated their love for variability and sought to visualize the changing times of day and seasons through this new subject. Claude Monet's oeuvre is inextricably linked with the water garden he created in the 1890s and whose water-lily pond became the defining motif of his late work. But the enthusiastic amateur gardener had already been working intensively on the subject of horticulture since the 1870s. Monet shared his passion for designing gardens with friends including Gustave Caillebotte, the writer Octave Mirbeau, and the politician Georges Clemenceau. With flower bulbs and seeds purchased from Japanese merchants in Paris, they developed the rich coloring of their gardens. The chrysanthemums they cultivated, for example, symbolized the sun in Japan. Exchanges with Monet encouraged Caillebotte to paint still lifes with flowers from his own garden. Artist gardens were also an important topic at the turn of the century because they offered the possibility of combining images of nature with interiors."},"coverImage":{"alt":"2b8 gallery cover impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"gallery-cover-image","filename":"Gartenbilder_Cover.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":414385,"width":2880,"height":1662,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T10:01:03.271Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T10:01:03.271Z","id":"67b6fd5f5c358fca3f060704","url":"/cms/api/media/file/Gartenbilder_Cover.jpg","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModel":{"alt":"2b8 model impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","filename":"2b8_cut_paintings-opt.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":881420,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T10:01:29.752Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T10:01:29.752Z","id":"67b6fd795c358fca3f060729","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2b8_cut_paintings-opt.glb","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c0bbb42ed4293e293d5","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb3"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"94bbacaebc824854b2ad8b880598d7de","rotation":{"x":6.75,"y":90.41}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":1.54,"z":1.69},"position":{"x":-4.527419331655285,"y":1.965678908391232,"z":25.299877878595325,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":-4.32,"y":9.17,"z":25.5},"id":"6890ae4355609b65edca8c55"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"b03fe40655134fd78b466764400fd1b1","rotation":{"x":8.5,"y":-88.88}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.53,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.24,"id":"6929677736d45c4158d58e24"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.4274,"y":-7.5024,"z":-2.2343,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe955"}],"id":"67b6fc063f862b6f010e2390","ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:23.260Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:26.105Z","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2b8_cut_paintings-opt_1024_draco.glb","filename":"2b8_cut_paintings-opt_1024_draco.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":273248,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"6ac98c0bbb42ed4293e293d5"}},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2A8","title":{"de":"Die Farbe Weiß","en":"The Color White"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Die Winter der 1860er bis 1890er Jahre waren schneereich. Auch in Gegenden Frankreichs, in denen es selten schneit, fielen bis zu 30 Zentimeter Schnee. Am Ende der Kleinen Eiszeit, die im 17. Jahrhundert begonnen hatte, kam es zu einer Erwärmung, die zu einer zirkulierenden Feuchtigkeit in den unteren Schichten der Atmosphäre und zu ungewöhnlich hohen Niederschlägen führte. Schon den Landschaftsmaler Gustave Courbet hatte diese Ausnahme-situation, die die Landschaft ver-fremdete, zu Winterbildern inspiriert. Wie dieser waren die Impressionisten nicht mehr daran interessiert, das Heroische zu thematisieren, das dem Schnee im kollektiven Gedächtnis nach den Winterkriegen Napoleons eingeschrieben war. Die Verwandlung der Landschaft durch den Schnee gab den Malern die Freiheit, sich auf Licht und Farbe zu fokussieren. Die Künstler arbeiteten bei Minus-graden unter erschwerten Bedin-gungen. Sie setzten sich der eisigen Kälte aus, um dem Schnee die optischen Phänomene der Lichtbrechung auf den Kristallen abzugewinnen. Wie bei ihren Darstellungen von Wasserflächen ging es den Malern um die visuelle Verschränkung von Himmel und Erde. Sie beobachteten das Schauspiel des Widerscheins vom Himmelblau und glühender Sonnenuntergänge. Die Reflexionen auf dem Schnee setzten sie in teils abstrakt anmutende Malerei um.","en":"There was a particularly large amount of snow during the winters between the 1860s and the 1890s. Even areas of France that rarely experienced snowfall had up to thirty centimeters of snow. This was due to a rise in temperature that resulted in circulating humidity in the lower layers of the atmosphere and an unusual amount of precipitation at the end of the Little Ice Age, which had begun in the seventeenth century. This unusual situation, which transformed the landscape, had already inspired Gustave Courbet to paint winter scenes. Like Courbet, the Impressionists were no longer interested in heroic subject matter that was engraved in the collective memory following Napoleon's winter campaign. The metamorphosis of the landscape due to the snow gave painters the freedom to focus on light and color. The artists worked at sub-zero temperatures under difficult conditions. They endured icy cold in order to depict the optic phenomena of light refraction on snow crystals. Similar to their representation of water surfaces, the painters were interested in the visual connection between the sky and earth. They observed the spectacle of the reflections of sky blue and firey sunsets. They captured reflections on snow in paintings that were at times nearly abstract in outlook."},"coverImage":{"alt":"2a8 gallery cover impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"gallery-cover-image","filename":"Die_Farbe_Weiß_Cover.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":69477,"width":1024,"height":683,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T10:00:05.945Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T10:00:05.945Z","id":"67b6fd255c358fca3f0606a6","url":"/cms/api/media/file/Die_Farbe_Wei%C3%9F_Cover.jpg","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModel":{"alt":"2a8 model impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","filename":"2a8_cut_paintings-opt.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":860472,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T10:00:31.890Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T10:00:31.890Z","id":"67b6fd3f5c358fca3f0606ce","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2a8_cut_paintings-opt.glb","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"6ac98c0fbb42ed4293e293e2","id":"69d26d9f02142f001b7bbdb4"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"1ee280e8416e4f0d9bbdf9150c19e9d0","rotation":{"x":0.93,"y":90.27}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.1,"y":1.53,"z":1.65},"position":{"x":-4.56446306946763,"y":1.9538980866039903,"z":0.4313419181075244,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":-3.88,"y":9.16,"z":0.48},"id":"6890d1902cd0e82723613b84"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"23511c4ef5334e9882bc233476bfe7e6","rotation":{"x":8.01,"y":-90.19}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.45,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.24,"id":"692967e936d45c4158d58e26"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3117,"y":-7.5016,"z":-2.1985,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe956"}],"id":"67b6fc1d3f862b6f010e2392","ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:27.359Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T00:51:30.251Z","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2a8_cut_paintings-opt_1024_draco.glb","filename":"2a8_cut_paintings-opt_1024_draco.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":269288,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"6ac98c0fbb42ed4293e293e2"}},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2A6","title":{"de":"Die Küsten Europas","en":"The Coasts of Europe"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Nur die Venedig-Ansichten Claude Monets erinnern noch an die Grand Tour der Künstler voriger Jahrhunderte. Die Stadt hatte schon den Romantikern eine atmosphärische Lichtmalerei entlockt. Die Malerei des Nordens und die Beobachtung der heimischen Natur hatten in Monets Generation das Vorbild der Antike und der an der italienischen Campagna geschulten klassizistischer Landschaftsmalerei abgelöst. Wenn Eugène Boudin, Berthe Morisot und später Paul Signac Italien besuchten, dann nicht auf den traditionellen Wegen. Vielmehr reisten sie mit der Eisenbahn entlang der Küsten wie andere Touristen. Die Küsten Nord- wie Südeuropas wurden im späten 19. Jahrhundert mit Postkarten touristisch vermarktet. Die Maler stellten sich dieser Konkurrenz, indem sie mit den Aus-schnitttechniken der Photographie arbeiteten. Ihre pastose Malerei stand im Gegensatz zu den glatten Oberflächen des neuen Mediums. Die Côte d'Azur wurde touristisch zur gleichen Zeit erschlossen, als sich Cross und Signac dort in den 1890er Jahren niederließen. Das Sonnenlicht, das die Maler in den Süden zog, war für sie eine Energie, die künstlerische Neuerungen mit gesellschaftlichen Utopien speiste. Die drei Generationen der Impressionisten, Pointillisten und Fauvisten - Zeitgenossen eines sich rasant entwickelnden modernen Frankreichs - verband das gleiche Ideal: Natur mit Licht und Farbe sinnlich erfahrbar zu machen.","en":"Claude Monet's views of Venice are the only works that are reminiscent of the Grand Tours on which artists of previous centuries embarked. The city had already inspired Romantic painters to create atmospheric depictions of light. In Monet's generation the model of antiquity and classic landscape painting that was schooled on the Italian Campagna had been replaced by northern painting and the study of nature at home. When Eugène Boudin, Berthe Morisot, and later Paul Signac traveled to Italy, they did not take the traditional approach. Instead they traveled with the railroad along the coasts like other tourists. The coasts of northern and southern Europe were marketed as tourist destinations in the late nineteenth century by means of postcards. The painters reacted to this competition by adapting the cut-out techniques of photography. The impasto of their paintings was quite the opposite of the slick surfaces of the new medium. The Côte d'Azur was being discovered by tourism at the same time as Cross and Signac settled there in the 1890s. The sunlight that attracted the painters to the south was a sort of energy that fed artistic innovations and social utopias. Three generations of Impressionists, Pointillists, and Fauves, contemporaries of a rapidly developing modern France, were linked by the same ideal: making nature experienceable with the senses by means of light and paint."},"coverImage":{"alt":"2a6 gallery cover impressionism","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"gallery-cover-image","filename":"Die_Küsten_Europas_Cover.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":373605,"width":2880,"height":1642,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"createdAt":"2025-02-20T09:58:42.332Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-20T09:58:42.332Z","id":"67b6fcd25c358fca3f060648","url":"/cms/api/media/file/Die_Ku%CC%88sten_Europas_Cover.jpg","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModel":{"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","filename":"2a6.glb","mimeType":"application/octet-stream","filesize":3156416,"createdAt":"2025-03-07T12:56:11.427Z","updatedAt":"2025-03-07T12:56:11.427Z","id":"67caeceb0aa4f91dd2e19937","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2a6.glb","thumbnailURL":null},"3dModels":[{"glbFile":"69cea58f70c4a99939b3a75a","exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","id":"69cea578a9f9cb7f5e8a3dd7"},{"glbFile":"6aca6743af3802bc375cb4e4","id":"6aca6748af3802bc375cb4ee"}],"startPoint":{"sweepId":"05ca5ce08937493fa2104ef327693644","rotation":{"x":-4.971020773654717,"y":-89.34168595089287}},"infoWall":{"modelData":{"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":1.76,"y":1.73,"z":0.05},"position":{"x":8.108896970210926,"y":1.833057579473252,"z":-6.74813349435814,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":8.17,"y":9.06,"z":-6.71},"id":"6890d2be2cd0e82723613b85"}]}},"insideView":{"sweepId":"03ea023d3f944e0fb40d135aaef659f9","rotation":{"x":3.1911727434578516,"y":-0.21119619092232722}}}},"exhibitionDependentArtworkOffsetArray":[{"exhibition":"68f753818c90c86166dd78af","x":4.45,"y":-7.63,"z":-2.28,"id":"6929680936d45c4158d58e28"},{"exhibition":"699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","x":4.3685,"y":-7.5228,"z":-2.28,"id":"69a9d2b9b366e7001bdbe957"}],"id":"67b6fc373f862b6f010e2394","ownModel":{"createdAt":"2026-10-10T16:26:43.450Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-10T16:26:47.767Z","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"3d-model","url":"/cms/api/media/file/2a6_1024_draco.glb","filename":"2a6_1024_draco.glb","mimeType":"model/gltf-binary","filesize":323056,"thumbnailURL":null,"id":"6aca6743af3802bc375cb4e4"}},{"activeTemporaryExhibitions":["67b343f28635bba96e329739","6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","68f753818c90c86166dd78af","699c56f3870053377ae01aa0","6a4a542818d42df607da7bf3"],"hall":"2A7","title":{"de":"Monets Serien","en":"Monet’s Series"},"subtitle":{"de":"","en":""},"description":{"de":"Nachdem Monet Ende der 1870er Jahre Paris den Rücken gekehrt hatte, widmete er sich zunächst in Vétheuil und später in Giverny der Natur im Wechsel von Tages- und Jahres-zeiten. Hier verfolgte er die Idee, durch Wiederholungen des Motivs der Erfassung des Augenblicks näher-zukommen. Von 1891 an nutzte Monet Einzelausstellungen in seiner Pariser Galerie Durand-Ruel zur Präsentation groß angelegter Werkreihen, bei denen er ein einziges Motiv in zahlreichen Variationen durchspielte: Auf seine Getreideschober folgten die Kathedralen von Rouen, später die Serie des britischen Parlaments in London und schließlich die des Seerosenteichs in seinem Wasser-garten in Giverny. Drei dieser Werkgruppen sind in der Sammlung Hasso Plattner beispielhaft vertreten. Mit den Getreideschobern stellte Monet sein Konzept des enveloppe vor - jener das Motiv umgebenden Hülle aus Licht und Luft, die er zum eigentlichen Gegenstand seiner Malerei erhob. Die im Smog gegen den Sonnenuntergang aufscheinende Silhouette von Westminster Palace beschäftigte ihn bei drei London-Aufenthalten zwischen 1899 und 1901. Der Seerosenteich in Giverny gab Monet über zwei Jahrzehnte lang Stoff zu sehen und zu malen: Spiegelnde Wasserflächen hatten sein Werk von Anfang an geprägt. Das neben seinem Seerosenteich gelegene Atelier erlaubte es ihm, nun auf bisher ungeahnt großen Leinwänden zu arbeiten. Indem sie auf den Horizont verzichten und den Himmel spiegeln, entgrenzen die Bilder den Landschaftsraum und bieten den Betrachtern ein immersives Erlebnis.","en":"After Monet turned his back on Paris at the end of the 1870s, he devoted himself first in Vétheuil and later in Giverny to depictions of nature showing the changing days and seasons. There he pursued the idea of coming closer to capturing the fleeting moment through repetitions of one given motif. From 1891 on Monet used solo exhibitions at the Paris gallery of Durand-Ruel to present large-scale series of works in which he showed one single motif in numerous variations. His Grainstacks were followed by Rouen Cathedral, later by the series of the Houses of Parliament in London, and finally by that of the Water Lilies in his garden in Giverny. Three of these groups are represented in the Hasso Plattner Collection. With the Grainstacks, Monet introduced his concept of the enveloppe - the \"envelope\" of light and air surrounding the motif, which he elevated to the actual subject of his painting. The silhouette of Westminster Palace appearing in the smog against the sunset occupied him during three stays in London between 1899 and 1901. The water-lily pond in Giverny gave Monet material to see and paint for over two decades: reflecting water surfaces had influenced his work from the beginning. The studio located next to his water-lily pond allowed him to work on canvases of an unprecedented size. 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In this respect, they were related to the painters of the German movement Die Brücke. They also began, in emulation of Cézanne, to experiment with the dissection of form, which was later continued by the Cubists. Their expressive painting style did not prevent them from following Impressionism and Pointillism in their choice of locations and motifs. In 1907, for example, Derain traveled to Cassis, where Signac had worked previously. Vlaminck used one of Renoir's motifs when he painted the boatyard of Rueil. 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Obstbäume am Fuß der Hügel von Chantemesle mit der Kirche von Vétheuil im Hintergrund, das Dorf vom gegenüberliegenden Seineufer aus und der erste selbst angelegte Garten beschäftigten den Maler seit seinem Umzug von Argenteuil in das abgelegene Seinedorf im Jahr zuvor. ","en":"In this scene, painted near Vétheuil, Monet captures the fleeting splendor of an apple tree in full bloom against a cloud-filled sky—as promising and ephemeral as the passing clouds. 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In seinen Gemälden verband er Anleihen aus der Malerei Claude Monets mit der intensiven Farbigkeit der Fauvisten. Die gedrungene Perspektive und der eng gewählte Bildausschnitt lassen das Stillleben traumartig verfremdet wirken.","en":"Bonnard once described himself as \"the last of the Impressionists\". In his works, he combined borrowings from Claude Monet's painting with the Fauvists' intense coloration. Due to the distorted perspective and the narrow cropping of the pictorial field, the modest still life appears strangely oneiric."},"dating":{"de":"1939","en":"1939"},"description":{"de":"Bonnard bezeichnete sich einmal selbst als „den Letzten der Impressionisten“. In seinen Gemälden verband er Anleihen aus der Malerei Claude Monets mit der intensiven Farbigkeit der Fauvisten. Die gedrungene Perspektive und der eng gewählte Bildausschnitt lassen das Stillleben traumartig verfremdet wirken.","en":"Bonnard once described himself as “the last of the Impressionists”. In his works, he combined borrowings from Claude Monet’s painting with the Fauvists’ intense coloration. 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The choice of the unusual angle heightens the marked sense of immediacy – a key characteristic of Impressionism."},"exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","guides":[],"hall":"1B3","image":{"alt":"The Mill at Limetz","exhibition":"67b338818635bba96e329691","type":"artwork-image","filename":"MB-Mon-39_MoulinLimetz_1.jpg","mimeType":"image/jpeg","filesize":2097710,"width":1920,"height":2433,"focalX":50,"focalY":50,"createdAt":"2025-03-03T14:01:54.506Z","updatedAt":"2025-03-03T14:01:54.506Z","id":"67c5b6529c762d275ec3ecb2","url":"/cms/api/media/file/MB-Mon-39_MoulinLimetz_1.jpg","thumbnailURL":null},"measurements":"92 x 72,9 cm","onDisplay":{"navigator":true,"virtualTour":true},"technique":{"de":"Öl auf Leinwand","en":"92 x 72,9 cm"},"id":"67c5b6539c762d275ec3ecc3"},"id":"67c5cb40ba47f3524d942d88"},{"artwork":{"title":{"de":"Der kugelförmige Baum in Argenteuil","en":"The Ball-Shaped Tree, Argenteuil"},"modelData":{"matterport":{"insideView":{"sweepId":"169b76c536e54a70bb835f797665ba99","rotation":{"x":-1.4466200071495487,"y":-89.23546821380714}},"artworkCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.2,"y":0.92,"z":1.1},"position":{"x":24.4838590176414,"y":-5.584617478279589,"z":25.178526254987297,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"67b343f28635bba96e329739","position":{"x":20.13,"y":9.07,"z":27.55},"id":"688db69481df0f999dd06dc6"},{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":24.611773307952213,"y":1.683771907911056,"z":25.119372032948846},"id":"688e22280ea9a6001b10b853"}]},"rotation":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}},"infoCollisionBox":{"geometry":{"x":0.05,"y":0.46,"z":0.35},"position":{"x":24.533922464820137,"y":-6.068538727788127,"z":26.053391586260364,"exhibitionDependent":[{"exhibition":"6836f8f22ef108b9d9b0a31b","position":{"x":24.659223389812293,"y":1.171187465545798,"z":26.00593950413945},"id":"688e22280ea9a6001b10b854"}]},"rotation":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"react3fiber":{"position":{"model":{"x":-13.7296590176414,"y":9.749082521720412,"z":-12.298226254987297},"floorplan":{"x":-13.1,"y":6,"z":-11}}}},"createdAt":"2025-03-03T14:12:46.287Z","updatedAt":"2026-03-20T10:21:23.324Z","artist":{"lastName":"Monet","firstName":"Claude","lifeDates":"1840–1926","createdAt":"2025-02-24T07:45:12.909Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-24T07:45:12.909Z","id":"67bc238887986af0ae414afc"},"catalogNumber":"MB-Mon-36","credit":{"de":"Anders als bei seinen Seine-Ansichten mit Brücken und Segelschiffen konzentrierte sich Monet hier auf Spiegelungen von Häusern und Bäumen auf der Wasserfläche. Die repräsentativen Villen zeugen vom Wohlstand des Pariser Großbürgertums, das seine Sommerfrische in Argenteuil verbrachte. Wie japanische Holzschnittkünstler setzte der Maler die Komposition aus bildparallelen Streifen zusammen.","en":"Unlike his Seine views with bridges and sailing boats, Monet here concentrated on reflections of houses and trees on the surface of the water. The stately villas bear witness to the wealth of the affluent Parisians, who spent their summer holidays in Argenteuil. Like Japanese woodout artists, the painter composed the composition of parallel stripes."},"dating":{"de":"1876","en":"1876"},"description":{"de":"Das Gemälde zeigt das untere Ende der Uferpromenade von Argenteuil, vom gegenüberliegenden Ort Le Petit Gennevilliers aus gesehen. Anders als bei seinen hier entstandenen Seineansichten mit Brücken und Segelschiffen konzentrierte sich der Maler in diesem Bild auf Spiegelungen von Häusern und Bäumen auf der Wasserfläche. Die repräsentativen Villen zeugen vom Wohlstand des Pariser Großbürgertums, das hier seine Sommerfrische verlebte. Monet setzte die Landschaft am Fluss wie japanische Holzschnittkünstler, die er verehrte, aus bildparallelen Streifen zusammen. ","en":"The painting shows the lower end of the promenade at Argenteuil as seen from across the river at Le Petit Gennevilliers. Unlike the other Seine views he painted in this location showing bridges and sailboats, here Monet concentrates on the reflections of houses and trees on the surface of the water. The handsome villas bear witness to the prosperity of the Parisian upper middle class, who spent their summer holidays here. Like the Japanese woodcut artists he admired so much, Monet composed the river landscape in zones running parallel to the picture plane. 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Dieser Blick auf eine für ihre starken Strömungen bekannte Schifffahrtsroute entstand im bretonischen Département Finistère im äußersten Westen Frankreichs. Moret verband Violetttone, wie sie für die Farbpalette des Neoimpressionismus charakteristisch sind, mit einem bereits von Claude Monet aufgegriffenen Motiv.","en":"Henry Moret traveled through Brittany and Normandy, painting their rocky coastal landscapes. This view of a shipping route that was notorious for its strong currents was created in the Breton department of Finistère, located in the far west of France. 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Dieses Gemälde aus dem Frühjahr 1893 gehört zu einer zwelten, dreiteiligen Serie. Im Unterschied zur früheren Werkgruppe Ist die Komposition weiter gefasst: Der größte Schober wird zentral platziert. Zur Seite strebende Bäumen rahmen Ihn. Die hellgrüne Wiese und der von Wolken durchzogene Himmel zeugen vom Zeitpunkt der Heuernte im Frühsommer.","en":"Two years after his famous series of grainstacks from 1890-91, Monet once again returned to this molif. This painting from the spring of 1893 is part of a second, three-part series. In contrast to the earler works, the composition is more expansive: the largest grainstack is placed in the center, framed by trees leaning to either side. 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Sie befreiten sich von den traditionellen Bildthemen ihrer Zeit und revolutionierten die Kunst mit lichtdurchfluteten Landschaften. 1874 wurden sie als „Impressionisten“ bekannt, die mit Vorliebe in freier Natur malten und flüchtige Sinneseindrücke unmittelbar auf die Leinwand bannten. Später schlossen sich Berthe Morisot, Paul Cezanne und Gustave Caillebotte dieser neuen Kunstrichtung an. In den 1890er Jahren entwickelten Paul Signac und Henri Edmond Cross diese Malerei im Pointillismus weiter. Noch immer faszinieren diese Gemälde mit ihrer Konzentration auf den Augenblick. Mit über 110 Gemälden des Impressionismus und Nachimpressionismus zeigt das Museum Barberini die Sammlung des Museumsgründers Hasso Plattner. Darunter befindet sich mit 40 Gemälden von Claude Monet der größte Werkkomplex dieses Malers in Europa außerhalb Frankreichs. Mit der Präsentation dieser Arbeiten eröffnet sich die ganze thematische Reichweite und künstlerische Brisanz des Impressionismus. 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